SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

References

  • 1
    Liu RH. Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 517S520S.
  • 2
    Block G,Patterson B,Subar A. Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr Cancer 1992; 18: 129.
  • 3
    Steinmetz KA,Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. I. Epidemiology. Cancer Causes Control 1991; 2: 32557.
  • 4
    Verhoeven DT,Goldbohm RA,van Poppel G,Verhagen H,van den Brandt PA. Epidemiological studies on brassica vegetables and cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996; 5: 73348.
  • 5
    Smith-Warner SA,Spiegelman D,Yaun SS,Adami HO,Beeson WL,van den Brandt PA,Folsom AR,Fraser GE,Freudenheim JL,Goldbohm RA,Graham S,Miller AB, et al. Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. JAMA 2001; 285: 76976.
  • 6
    van Gils CH,Peeters PH,Bueno-de-Mesquita HB,Boshuizen HC,Lahmann PH,Clavel-Chapelon F,Thiebaut A,Kesse E,Sieri S,Palli D,Tumino R,Panico S, et al. Consumption of vegetables and fruits and risk of breast cancer. JAMA 2005; 293: 18393.
  • 7
    Riboli E,Norat T. Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 559S569S.
  • 8
    Terry P,Terry JB,Wolk A. Fruit and vegetable consumption in the prevention of cancer: an update. J Intern Med 2001; 250: 28090.
  • 9
    Steinmetz KA,Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. II. Mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control 1991; 2: 42742.
  • 10
    Wattenberg LW. Chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 18.
  • 11
    Frei B. Natural antioxidants in human health and disease. San Diego: Academic Press, 1994.
  • 12
    Clarke N,Germain P,Altucci L,Gronemeyer H. Retinoids: potential in cancer prevention and therapy. Expert Rev Mol Med 2004; 6: 123.
  • 13
    Omenn GS. Chemoprevention of lung cancer: the rise and demise of β-carotene. Annu Rev Public Health 1998; 19: 7399.
  • 14
    Hirsch K,Atzmon A,Danilenko M,Levy J,Sharoni Y. Lycopene and other carotenoids inhibit estrogenic activity of 17β-estradiol and genistein in cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 104: 22130.
  • 15
    Gaudet MM,Britton JA,Kabat GC,Steck-Scott S,Eng SM,Teitelbaum SL,Terry MB,Neugut AI,Gammon MD. Fruits, vegetables, and micronutrients in relation to breast cancer modified by menopause and hormone receptor status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 148594.
  • 16
    Cho E,Spiegelman D,Hunter DJ,Chen WY,Zhang SM,Colditz GA,Willett WC. Premenopausal intakes of vitamins A, C, and E, folate, and carotenoids, and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 71320.
  • 17
    Zhang S,Hunter DJ,Forman MR,Rosner BA,Speizer FE,Colditz GA,Manson JE,Hankinson SE,Willett WC. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 54756.
  • 18
    Kushi LH,Fee RM,Sellers TA,Zheng W,Folsom AR. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 16574.
  • 19
    Verhoeven DT,Assen N,Goldbohm RA,Dorant E,van 't Veer P,Sturmans F,Hermus RJ,van den Brandt PA. Vitamins C and E, retinol, β-carotene and dietary fibre in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer 1997; 75: 14955.
  • 20
    Rohan TE,Howe GR,Friedenreich CM,Jain M,Miller AB. Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 1993; 4: 2937.
  • 21
    Terry P,Jain M,Miller AB,Howe GR,Rohan TE. Dietary carotenoids and risk of breast cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 8838.
  • 22
    Freudenheim JL,Marshall JR,Vena JE,Laughlin R,Brasure JR,Swanson MK,Nemoto T,Graham S. Premenopausal breast cancer risk and intake of vegetables, fruits, and related nutrients. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 3408.
  • 23
    Malin AS,Qi D,Shu XO,Gao YT,Friedmann JM,Jin F,Zheng W. Intake of fruits, vegetables and selected micronutrients in relation to the risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2003; 105: 41318.
  • 24
    Nkondjock A,Ghadirian P. Intake of specific carotenoids and essential fatty acids and breast cancer risk in Montreal, Canada. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 85764.
  • 25
    Michels KB,Holmberg L,Bergkvist L,Ljung H,Bruce A,Wolk A. Dietary antioxidant vitamins, retinol, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. Int J Cancer 2001; 91: 5637.
  • 26
    Tamimi RM,Hankinson SE,Campos H,Spiegelman D,Zhang S,Colditz GA,Willett WC,Hunter DJ. Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161: 15360.
  • 27
    Hulten K,Van Kappel AL,Winkvist A,Kaaks R,Hallmans G,Lenner P,Riboli E. Carotenoids, α-tocopherols, and retinol in plasma and breast cancer risk in northern Sweden. Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12: 52937.
  • 28
    Sesso HD,Buring JE,Zhang SM,Norkus EP,Gaziano JM. Dietary and plasma lycopene and the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 107481.
  • 29
    Willett WC,Polk BF,Underwood BA,Stampfer MJ,Pressel S,Rosner B,Taylor JO,Schneider K,Hames CG. Relation of serum vitamins A and E and carotenoids to the risk of cancer. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 4304.
  • 30
    Wald NJ,Boreham J,Hayward JL,Bulbrook RD. Plasma retinol, β-carotene and vitamin E levels in relation to the future risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1984; 49: 3214.
  • 31
    Comstock GW,Helzlsouer KJ,Bush TL. Prediagnostic serum levels of carotenoids and vitamin E as related to subsequent cancer in Washington County, Maryland. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 260S264S.
  • 32
    Sato R,Helzlsouer KJ,Alberg AJ,Hoffman SC,Norkus EP,Comstock GW. Prospective study of carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinoid concentrations and the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 4517.
  • 33
    Toniolo P,Van Kappel AL,Akhmedkhanov A,Ferrari P,Kato I,Shore RE,Riboli E. Serum carotenoids and breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 11427.
  • 34
    Newcomb P,Storer B,Longnecker M,Mittendorf R,Greenberg E,Clapp R,Burke K,Willett W,MacMahon B. Lactation and a reduced risk of pre-menopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 817.
  • 35
    Titus-Ernstoff L,Longnecker MP,Newcomb PA,Dain B,Greenberg ER,Mittendorf R,Stampfer M,Willett W. Menstrual factors in relation to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7: 7839.
  • 36
    Sprague BL,Trentham-Dietz A,Newcomb PA,Titus-Ernstoff L,Hampton JM,Egan KM. Lifetime recreational and occupational physical activity and risk of in situ and invasive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 23643.
  • 37
    Salvini S,Hunter DJ,Sampson L,Stampfer MJ,Colditz GA,Rosner B,Willett WC. Food-based validation of a dietary questionnaire: the effects of week-to-week variation in food consumption. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18: 85867.
  • 38
    U.S. Department of Agriculture. Composition of foods—raw, processed, and prepared, 1963–1992: Agricultural Handbook No. 8 Series. Washington, DC: Department of Agriculture, 1993.
  • 39
    Mangels AR,Holden JM,Beecher GR,Forman MR,Lanza E. Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: an evaluation of analytic data. J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93: 28496.
  • 40
    Chug-Ahuja JK,Holden JM,Forman MR,Mangels AR,Beecher GR,Lanza E. The development and application of a carotenoid database for fruits, vegetables, and selected multicomponent foods. J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93: 31823.
  • 41
    U.S. Department of Agriculture.Composition of foods raw, processed, prepared USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, ed. Release 15, vol. 2005. Beltsville, MD: USDA, 2002.
  • 42
    Holden JM,Eldridge AL,Beecher GR,Buzzard IM,Bhagwat S,Davis CS,Douglass LW,Gebhardt S,Haytowitz D,Schakel S. Carotenoid content of U.S. foods: an update of the database. J Food Compost Anal 1999; 12: 16996.
  • 43
    Titus-Ernstoff L,Egan K,Newcomb P,Baron J,Stampfer M,Greenberg E,Cole B,Ding J,Willett W,Trichopoulos D. Exposure to breast milk in infancy and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 9214.
  • 44
    Schildkraut JM,Bastos E,Berchuck A. Relationship between lifetime ovulatory cycles and overexpression of mutant p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 9328.
  • 45
    Whitney EN,Cataldo CB,Rolfes SR. Understanding normal and clinical nutrition, 6th edn. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2002.
  • 46
    Altucci L,Gronemeyer H. The promise of retinoids to fight against cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2001; 1: 18193.
  • 47
    Shibata A,Paganini-Hill A,Ross RK,Henderson BE. Intake of vegetables, fruits, β-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin supplements and cancer incidence among the elderly: a prospective study. Br J Cancer 1992; 66: 6739.
  • 48
    Graham S,Zielezny M,Marshall J,Priore R,Freudenheim J,Brasure J,Haughey B,Nasca P,Zdeb M. Diet in the epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in the New York State Cohort. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136: 132737.
  • 49
    Garland M,Willett WC,Manson JE,Hunter DJ. Antioxidant micronutrients and breast cancer. J Am Coll Nutr 1993; 12: 40011.
  • 50
    Wald NJ,Nicolaides-Bouman A,Hudson GA. Plasma retinol, β-carotene and vitamin E levels in relation to the future risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1988; 57: 235.
  • 51
    Graham S,Hellmann R,Marshall J,Freudenheim J,Vena J,Swanson M,Zielezny M,Nemoto T,Stubbe N,Raimondo T. Nutritional epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in western New York. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 134: 55266.
  • 52
    Lee HP,Gourley L,Duffy SW,Esteve J,Lee J,Day NE. Dietary effects on breast-cancer risk in Singapore. Lancet 1991; 337: 1197200.
  • 53
    Bertone ER,Hankinson SE,Newcomb PA,Rosner B,Willet WC,Stampfer MJ,Egan KM. A population-based case-control study of carotenoid and vitamin A intake and ovarian cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12: 8390.
  • 54
    Wang XD. Alcohol, vitamin A, and cancer. Alcohol 2005; 35: 2518.
  • 55
    Spicer DV,Pike MC. Future possibilities in the prevention of breast cancer: luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Breast Cancer Res 2000; 2: 2647.
  • 56
    Pike MC,Spicer DV,Dahmoush L,Press MF. Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15: 1735.
  • 57
    Edwards AJ,Nguyen CH,You CS,Swanson JE,Emenhiser C,Parker RS. α- and β-carotene from a commercial puree are more bioavailable to humans than from boiled-mashed carrots, as determined using an extrinsic stable isotope reference method. J Nutr 2002; 132: 15967.
  • 58
    Parker RS,Swanson JE,You CS,Edwards AJ,Huang T. Bioavailability of carotenoids in human subjects. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 15562.