Epidemiology

Reproductive and hormonal factors and the risk of nonsmall cell lung cancer

  1. Cari L. Meinhold1,†,*,
  2. Amy Berrington de González1,
  3. Elise D. Bowman2,
  4. Alina V. Brenner1,
  5. Raymond T. Jones3,
  6. James V. Lacey Jr.4,
  7. Christopher A. Loffredo5,
  8. Donna Perlmutter3,
  9. Sara J. Schonfeld1,
  10. Glenwood E. Trivers2,
  11. Curtis C. Harris2

Article first published online: 4 MAY 2010

DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25434

Issue

International Journal of Cancer

International Journal of Cancer

Volume 128, Issue 6, pages 1404–1413, 15 March 2011

Additional Information

How to Cite

Meinhold, C. L., Berrington de González, A., Bowman, E. D., Brenner, A. V., Jones, R. T., Lacey, J. V., Loffredo, C. A., Perlmutter, D., Schonfeld, S. J., Trivers, G. E. and Harris, C. C. (2011), Reproductive and hormonal factors and the risk of nonsmall cell lung cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 128: 1404–1413. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25434

Author Information

  1. 1

    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD

  2. 2

    Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD

  3. 3

    Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD

  4. 4

    Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA

  5. 5

    Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC

  1. †

    Fax: +301-402-0207

*Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, EPS 7051, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 28 JAN 2011
  2. Article first published online: 4 MAY 2010
  3. Manuscript Accepted: 16 APR 2010
  4. Manuscript Received: 29 DEC 2009

Funded by

  • Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute

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Keywords:

  • lung neoplasms;
  • reproductive factors;
  • menstrual factors;
  • exogenous hormones;
  • case-control study

Abstract

Although exposure to estrogen may directly influence or modify the association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer risk, results from epidemiologic studies examining the association between reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of lung cancer among women have been inconsistent. Between 1998 and 2008, 430 women diagnosed with nonsmall cell lung cancer, 316 hospital controls and 295 population controls were recruited into the multi-center Maryland Lung Cancer Study. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to reproductive and hormonal exposures adjusting for age, smoking, passive smoking, education and household income. Results were similar for hospital and population based controls, so the control groups were combined. Reduced risks of lung cancer were observed among women with greater parity (≥5 vs. 1–2 births: OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.32, 0.78, p-trend = 0.002) and later ages at last birth (≥30 vs. <25 years old: OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.48, 0.98, p-trend = 0.04). After mutual adjustment parity, but not age at last birth, remained significantly inversely associated with risk (p-trend = 0.01). No associations were found for nonsmall cell lung cancer risk with age at menarche, age at first birth, menopausal status, oral contraceptive use or menopausal hormone use, including use of oral estrogens. Compatible with findings from recent epidemiologic studies, we observed a reduction in the risk of nonsmall cell lung cancer with increasing number of births. Other reproductive and hormonal exposures, including menopausal hormone therapy use, were not associated with risk.

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