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Comparison of visual inspection with acetic acid and cervical cytology to detect high-grade cervical neoplasia among HIV-infected women in India
Article first published online: 20 APR 2011
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25971
Copyright © 2011 UICC
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How to Cite
Sahasrabuddhe, V. V., Bhosale, R. A., Kavatkar, A. N., Nagwanshi, C. A., Joshi, S. N., Jenkins, C. A., Shepherd, B. E., Kelkar, R. S., Sahay, S., Risbud, A. R., Vermund, S. H. and Mehendale, S. M. (2012), Comparison of visual inspection with acetic acid and cervical cytology to detect high-grade cervical neoplasia among HIV-infected women in India. Int. J. Cancer, 130: 234–240. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25971
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Publication History
- Issue published online: 27 OCT 2011
- Article first published online: 20 APR 2011
- Accepted manuscript online: 3 FEB 2011 01:59PM EST
- Manuscript Accepted: 10 JAN 2011
- Manuscript Received: 20 SEP 2010
Keywords:
- cervical cancer;
- visual inspection;
- cytology;
- screening;
- HIV/AIDS;
- India
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women in India and other developing country settings are living longer on antiretroviral therapy, yet their risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cervical cancer remains unabated because of lack of cost-effective and accurate secondary prevention methods. Visual inspection after application of dilute acetic acid on the cervix (VIA) has not been adequately studied against the current standard: conventional cervical cytology (Pap smears) among HIV-infected women. We evaluated 303 nonpregnant HIV-infected women in Pune, India, by simultaneous and independent screening with VIA and cervical cytology with disease ascertainment by colposcopy and histopathology. At the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) disease threshold, the sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive value estimates of VIA were 80, 82.6, 47.6 and 95.4% respectively, compared to 60.5, 59.6, 22.4 and 88.7% for the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or severe (ASCUS+) cutoff on cytology, 60.5, 64.6, 24.8 and 89.4% for the low-grade squamous intraepithelial cells or severe (LSIL+) cutoff on cytology and 20.9, 96.0, 50.0 and 86.3% for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or severe (HSIL+) cutoff on cytology. A similar pattern of results was found for women with the presence of carcinogenic HPV-positive CIN2+ disease, as well as for women with CD4+ cell counts <200 and <350 μL−1. Overall, VIA performed better than cytology in this study with biologically rigorous endpoints and without verification bias, suggesting that VIA is a practical and useful alternative or adjunctive screening test for HIV-infected women. Implementing VIA-based screening within HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome care programs may provide an easy and practical means of complementing the highly anticipated low-cost HPV-based rapid screening tests in the near future, thereby contributing to improve program effectiveness of screening.