Original Article
You have free access to this content
Bone mineral content and density of the lumbar spine of infants and toddlers: Influence of age, sex, race, growth, and human milk feeding
Article first published online: 18 DEC 2012
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1730
Copyright © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Additional Information
How to Cite
Kalkwarf, H. J., Zemel, B. S., Yolton, K. and Heubi, J. E. (2013), Bone mineral content and density of the lumbar spine of infants and toddlers: Influence of age, sex, race, growth, and human milk feeding. J Bone Miner Res, 28: 206–212. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.1730
Publication History
- Issue published online: 18 DEC 2012
- Article first published online: 18 DEC 2012
- Accepted manuscript online: 8 AUG 2012 11:21AM EST
- Manuscript Accepted: 23 JUL 2012
- Manuscript Revised: 20 JUL 2012
- Manuscript Received: 29 MAR 2012
References
- 1, , , , , . Lumbar bone mineral content measured by dual energy-xray absorptiometry in newborns and infants. Acta Paediatr. 1992; 81: 953–8.
- 2, , , . Lumbar bone mineral content and density measured using a Lunar DPX densitometer in healthy full-term infants during the first year of life. Clin Physiol Func Imaging. 2002; 22: 222–5.
- 3
- 4. Body composition of a young, multiethnic, male population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 66: 1323–31.
- 5, , . Body composition of a young, multiethnic female population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 65: 724–31.
- 6, , , , . Bone mineral acquisition in healthy Asian, Hispanic, Black and Caucasian youth: a longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84(12): 4702–12.
- 7, , , , , , , , , , . The bone mineral density in childhood study: bone mineral content and density according to age, sex, and race. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 92: 2087–99.
- 8, , , . Spinal bone mineral density in 335 normal and obese children and adolescents: evidence for ethnic and sex differences. J Bone Miner Res. 1991; 6(5): 507–13.Direct Link:
- 9, , , , . The accumulation of whole body skeletal mass in third- and fourth-grade children: effects of age, gender, ethnicity, and body composition. Bone. 1997; 20: 73–8.
- 10, , , , , , , , , , , . Height adjustment in assessing dual energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements of bone mass and density in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 95: 1265–73.
- 11, , , , . Growth of breast-fed and formula-fed infants from 0 to 18 months: the DARLING study. Pediatrics. 1992; 89: 1036–41.
- 12, , , , , , . DENVER II training manual. 2nd ed. Denver, CO: Denver Developmentals Materials; 1992.
- 13, . Differences between recumbent length and stature within individuals. Growth. 1974; 38: 313–20.
- 14, , . version 1.16. Compiled 15 April 2002.
- 15, . Smoothing reference centile curves: the lms method and penalized likelihood. Stat Med. 1992; 11(10): 1305–19.
- 16, , , , , . Accurate assessment of precision errors: how to measure the reproducibility of bone densitometry techniques. Osteoporosis Int. 1995; 5: 262–70.
- 17, . Interpretation of absorptiometric bone mass measurements in the growing skeleton: issues and limitations. Calcif Tissue Int. 1999; 65(1): 1–3.
- 18, , , , , , , , , , , . Optimal monitoring time interval between DXA measures in children. J Bone Miner Res. 2011; 26: 2745–52.
- 19, , , , , , , , , , . Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry interpretation and reporting in children and adolescents: the 2007 ISCD pediatric official positions. J Clin Densitom. 2008; 11: 43–58.
- 20, , , . Association between bone mass and fractures in children: a prospective cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2006; 21: 1489–95.
- 21, , , , , . Bone mineral density in girls with forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1998; 13(1): 143–8.
- 22, , , , . Bone mineral density and body composition in boys with distal forearm fractures: a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry study. J Pediatr. 2001; 139(4): 509–15.
- 23, , . Fracture risk in children with a forearm injury is associated with volumetric bone density and cortical area (by peripheral QCT) and areal bone density (by DXA). Osteoporos Int. 2011; 22: 607–16.
- 24, . Childhood bone mass acquisition and peak bone mass may not be important determinants of bone mass in late adulthood. Pediatrics. 2007; 119(Suppl 2): S131–6.
- 25, , . Body composition of neonates from fan beam dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003; 27(6): 423–6.
- 26, , , . Postnatal development of bone mineral status during infancy. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998; 17(1): 65–70.
- 27, , , . Gender and race differences in bone mass during infancy. Calcif Tissue Int. 1996; 58(6): 395–7.
- 28, , , , . Bone mineral content of Gambian and British children aged 0–36 months. Bone Miner. 1990; 10: 211–24.
- 29, , , . Bone mineral content in black and white children 1 to 6 years of age: early appearance of race and sex differences. AJDC. 1989; 143: 1346–9.
- 30, , , , , , , , , , , . Revised reference curves for bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density according to age and sex for black and non-black children: results of the bone mineral density in childhood study. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 2011; 96: 3160–9.
- 31, , , . Randomized trial of varying mineral intake on total body bone mineral accretion during the first year of life. Pediatrics. 1997; 99(6): E12.

1523-4681/asset/olbannerleft.gif?v=1&s=d7e4c0e37904a489128d3a4e58ba94214db307a9)
1523-4681/asset/olbannerright.gif?v=1&s=854ee0e4d351ead9faaca8bfab3e50b1c7c9d03d)
