• Wiley Online Library will be disrupted on 26 May from 10:00-12:00 BST (05:00-07:00 EDT) for essential maintenance

SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

References

  • 1
    Liu YJ, Shen H, Xiao P, et al. Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for osteoporosis: a 2004 update. J Bone Miner Res. 2006; 21: 15111535.
  • 2
    Ralston SH. Genetics of osteoporosis. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007; 66: 158165.
  • 3
    Xiong Q, Han C, Beamer WG, Gu W. A close examination of genes within quantitative trait loci of bone mineral density in whole mouse genome. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2008; 18: 323343.
  • 4
    Chen Y, Shen H, Yang F, et al. Choice of study phenotype in osteoporosis genetic research. J Bone Miner Metab. 2009; 27: 121126.
  • 5
    Ruff C, Holt B, Trinkaus E. Who's afraid of the big bad Wolff? “Wolff's law” and bone functional adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006; 129: 484498.
  • 6
    Smith RW, Walker RR. Femoral expansion in aging women: Implications for osteoporosis and fractures. Science 1964; 145: 156157.
  • 7
    Jepsen KJ, Hu B, Tommasini SM, et al. Genetic randomization reveals functional relationships among morphologic and tissue-quality traits that contribute to bone strength and fragility. Mamm Genome 2007; 18: 492507.
  • 8
    Zebaze RM, Jones A, Knackstedt M, Maalouf G, Seeman E. Construction of the femoral neck during growth determines its strength in old age. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22: 10551061.
  • 9
    Tommasini SM, Nasser P, Hu B, Jepsen KJ. Biological Co-adaptation of Morphological and Composition Traits Contributes to Mechanical Functionality and Skeletal Fragility. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23: 236246.
  • 10
    Jepsen KJ, Hu B, Tommasini SM, et al. Phenotypic integration of skeletal traits during growth buffers genetic variants affecting the slenderness of femora in inbred mouse strains. Mamm Genome 2009; 20: 2133.
  • 11
    Tommasini SM, Hu B, Nadeau JH, Jepsen KJ. Phenotypic integration among trabecular and cortical bone traits establishes mechanical functionality of inbred mouse vertebrae. J Bone Miner Res 2009; 24: 606620.
  • 12
    Churchill GA. Recombinant inbred strain panels: a tool for systems genetics. Physiol Genomics 2007; 31: 174175.
  • 13
    Rutherford SL. Bioessays From genotype to phenotype: buffering mechanisms and the storage of genetic information. 2000; 22: 10951105.
  • 14
    Rutherford SL, Lindquist S. Hsp90 as a capacitor for morphological evolution. Nature 1998; 396: 336342.
  • 15
    Marder E, Goaillard JM. Variability, compensation and homeostasis in neuron and network function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7: 563574.
  • 16
    Llamas B, Belanger S, Picard S, Deschepper CF. Cardiac mass and cardiomyocyte size are governed by different genetic loci on either autosomes or chromosome Y in recombinant inbred mice. Physiol Genomics 2007; 31: 176182.
  • 17
    Millward CA, Burrage LC, Shao H, et al. Genetic factors for resistance to diet-induced obesity and associated metabolic traits on mouse chromosome 17. Mamm Genome 2009; 20: 7182.
  • 18
    Yingling VR. A delay in pubertal onset affects the covariation of body weight, estradiol, and bone size. Calcif Tissue Int 2009; 84: 286296.
  • 19
    Pandey N, Bhola S, Goldstone A, et al. Inter-individual variation in functionally adapted trait sets is established during post-natal growth and predictable based on bone robusticity. J Bone Miner Res Epub. 2009.
  • 20
    Olson EC, Miller RL. Morphological Integration. The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., Chicago: 1958.
  • 21
    Cheverud JM. Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental morphological integration in the cranium. Evolution 1982; 36: 499516.
  • 22
    Cheverud JM. Developmental integration and the evolution of pleiotropy. American Zoologist 1996; 36: 4450.
  • 23
    Wolf JB, Pomp D, Eisen EJ, Cheverud JM, Leamy LJ. The contribution of epistatic pleiotropy to the genetic architecture of covariation among polygenic traits in mice. Evol Dev 2006; 8: 468476.
  • 24
    Yershov Y, Baldini TH, Villagomez S, et al. Bone strength and related traits in HcB/Dem recombinant congenic mice. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16: 9921003.
  • 25
    Li X, Masinde G, Gu W, Wergedal J, Mohan S, Baylink DJ. Genetic dissection of femur breaking strength in a large population (MRL/MpJ x SJL/J) of F2 Mice: single QTL effects, epistasis, and pleiotropy. Genomics 2002; 79: 734740.
  • 26
    Li R, Tsaih S-W, Shockley K, et al. Structural model analysis of multiple quantitative traits. PLoS Genetics 2006; 2: 10461057.
  • 27
    Nadeau JH, Singer JB, Matin A, Lander ES. Analysing complex genetic traits with chromosome substitution strains. Nat Genet 2000; 24: 221225.
  • 28
    Belknap JK. Chromosome substitution strains: some quantitative considerations for genome scans and fine mapping. Mamm Genome 2003; 14: 723732.
  • 29
    Shao H, Burrage L, Sinasac D, et al. Genetic architecture of complex traits: large phenotypic effects and pervasive epistasis. PNAS 2008; 105: 1991019914.
  • 30
    Govoni KE, Donahue LR, Marden C, Mohan S. Complex genetic regulation of bone mineral density and insulin-like growth factor-I in C57BL/6J-Chr #A/J/NaJ chromosome substitution strains. Physiol Genomics 2008; 35: 159164.
  • 31
    Singer JB, Hill AE, Burrage LC, et al. Genetic dissection of complex traits with chromosome substitution strains of mice. Science 2004; 304: 445448.
  • 32
    Pearson OM. Activity, climate, and postcranial robusticity: implications for modern human origins and scenarios of adaptive change. Curr Anthropol 2000; 41: 569607.
  • 33
    Grace JB. Structural Equation Modeling and Natural Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2006.
  • 34
    Courtland H-W, Nasser P, Goldstone AB, Spevak L, Boskey AL, Jepsen KJ. FTIRI microspectroscopy and micromechanical testing reveal intra-species variation in mouse bone mineral composition and matrix maturity. Calcif Tissue Int 2008; 83: 342353.
  • 35
    Skedros JG, Dayton MR, Sybrowsky CL, Bloebaum RD, Bachus KN. The influence of collagen fiber orientation and other histocompositional characteristics on the mechanical properties of equine cortical bone. J Exp Biol 2006; 209: 30253042.
  • 36
    Currey JD. Effects of differences in mineralization on the mechanical properties of bone. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1984; 304: 509518.
  • 37
    Jepsen KJ, Pennington DE, Lee YL, Warman M, Nadeau J. Bone brittleness varies with genetic background in A/J and C57BL/6J inbred mice. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16: 18541862.
  • 38
    Manly KF, Cudmore RH Jr, Meer JM. Map Manager QTX, cross-platform software for genetic mapping. Mamm Genome 2001; 12: 930932.
  • 39
    Haley CS, Knott SA. A simple regression method for mapping quantitative trait loci in line crosses using flanking markers. Heredity 1992; 69: 315324.
  • 40
    Visscher PM, Thompson R, Haley CS. Confidence intervals in QTL mapping by bootstrapping. Genetics 1996; 143: 10131020.
  • 41
    Churchill GA, Doerge RW. Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping. Genetics 1994; 138: 963971.
  • 42
    Sampson SB, Higgins DC, Elliot RW, et al. An edited linkage map for the AXB and BXA recombinant inbred mouse strains. Mamm Genome 1998; 9: 688694.
  • 43
    Garn S. The earlier gain and the later loss of cortical bone. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL: 1970.
  • 44
    Koller DL, Schriefer J, Sun Q, et al. Genetic effects for femoral biomechanics, structure, and density in C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ inbred mouse strains. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18: 17581765.
  • 45
    Volkman SK, Galecki AT, Burke DT, Miller RA, Goldstein SA. Quantitative trait loci that modulate femoral mechanical properties in a genetically heterogeneous mouse population. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19: 14971505.
  • 46
    Lang DH, Sharkey NA, Mack HA, et al. Quantitative trait loci analysis of structural and material skeletal phenotypes in C57BL/6J and DBA/2 second-generation and recombinant inbred mice. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20: 8899.
  • 47
    Alam I, Sun Q, Liu L, et al. Whole-genome scan for linkage to bone strength and structure in inbred Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20: 15891596.
  • 48
    Rubin CJ, Brandstrom H, Wright D, et al. Quantitative trait loci for BMD and bone strength in an intercross between domestic and wildtype chickens. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22: 375384.
  • 49
    Wolf JB, Leamy LJ, Routman EJ, Cheverud JM. Epistatic pleiotropy and the genetic architecture of covariation within early and late-developing skull trait complexes in mice. Genetics 2005; 171: 683694.
  • 50
    Karasik D, Dupuis J, Cupples LA, et al. Bivariate linkage study of proximal hip geometry and body size indices: the Framingham study. Calcif Tissue Int 2007; 81: 162173.
  • 51
    Norgard EA, Roseman CC, Fawcett GL, et al. Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting murine long bone length in a two-generation intercross of LG/J and SM/J Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23: 887895.
  • 52
    Klingenberg CP, Leamy LJ, Cheverud JM. Integration and modularity of quantitative trait locus effects on geometric shape in the mouse mandible. Genetics 2004; 166: 19091921.
  • 53
    Klingenberg CP, Mebus K, Auffray JC. Developmental integration in a complex morphological structure: how distinct are the modules in the mouse mandible? Evol Dev 2003; 5: 522531.
  • 54
    Albright F, Smith PH, Richardson AM. Post-menopausal osteoporosis. Its clinical features. JAMA 1941; 116: 24652474.
  • 55
    Szulc P, Munoz F, Duboeuf F, Marchand F, Delmas PD. Low width of tubular bones is associated with increased risk of fragility fracture in elderly men--the MINOS study. Bone 2006; 38: 595602.
  • 56
    Landin L, Nilsson BE. Bone mineral content in children with fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1983; (178): 292296.
  • 57
    Milgrom C, Giladi M, Simkin A, et al. The area moment of inertia of the tibia: a risk factor for stress fractures. J Biomech 1989; 22: 12431248.
  • 58
    Crossley K, Bennell KL, Wrigley T, Oakes BW. Ground reaction forces, bone characteristics, and tibial stress fracture in male runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 10881093.
  • 59
    Bonnard G. Cortical thickness and diaphysial diameter of the metacarpal bones from the age of three months to eleven years. Helv Paediatr Acta 1968; 23: 445463.
  • 60
    Klein RF, Turner RJ, Skinner LD, et al. Mapping quantitative trait loci that influence femoral cross-sectional area in mice. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17: 17521760.
  • 61
    Volkman SK, Galecki AT, Burke DT, et al. Quantitative trait loci for femoral size and shape in a genetically heterogeneous mouse population. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18: 14971505.
  • 62
    Turner CH, Sun Q, Schriefer J, et al. Congenic mice reveal sex-specific genetic regulation of femoral structure and strength. Calcif Tissue Int 2003; 73: 297303.
  • 63
    Drake TA, Hannani K, Kabo JM, Villa V, Krass K, Lusis AJ. Genetic loci influencing natural variations in femoral bone morphometry in mice. J Orthop Res 2001; 19: 511517.
  • 64
    Wergedal JE, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Tsaih SW, et al. Femur mechanical properties in the F2 progeny of an NZB/B1NJ x RF/J cross are regulated predominantly by genetic loci that regulate bone geometry. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21: 12561266.
  • 65
    Masinde GL, Wergedal J, Davidson H, et al. Quantitative trait loci for periosteal circumference (PC): identification of single loci and epistatic effects in F2 MRL/SJL mice. Bone 2003; 32: 554560.
  • 66
    Miller LM, Little W, Schirmer A, Sheik F, Busa B, Judex S. Accretion of bone quantity and quality in the developing mouse skeleton. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22: 10371045.
  • 67
    Jiao Y, Chiu H, Fan Z, et al. Quantitative trait loci that determine mouse tibial nanoindentation properties in an F2 population derived from C57BL/6J x C3H/HeJ. Calcif Tissue Int 2007; 80: 383390.
  • 68
    Frost HM. Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: a proposal. Anat Rec 1987; 219: 19.
  • 69
    Robling AG, Warden SJ, Shultz KL, Beamer WG, Turner CH. Genetic effects on bone mechanotransduction in congenic mice harboring bone size and strength quantitative trait loci. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22: 984991.
  • 70
    Mohan S, Masinde G, Li X, Baylink DJ. Mapping quantitative trait loci that influence serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 levels in F2 mice (MRL/MpJ X SJL/J). Endocrinology 2003; 144: 34913496.
  • 71
    Gluer CC, Cummings SR, Pressman A, et al. Prediction of hip fractures from pelvic radiographs: the study of osteoporotic fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 671677.
  • 72
    Kaptoge S, Beck TJ, Reeve J, et al. Prediction of incident hip fracture risk by femur geometry variables measured by hip structural analysis in the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23: 18921904.
  • 73
    Duan Y, Beck TJ, Wang XF, Seeman E. Structural and biomechanical basis of sexual dimorphism in femoral neck fragility has its origins in growth and aging. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18: 17661774.
  • 74
    Wang XF, Duan Y, Beck TJ, Seeman E. Varying contributions of growth and ageing to racial and sex differences in femoral neck structure and strength in old age. Bone 2005; 36: 978986.
  • 75
    Cummings SR, Melton LJ. Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 2002; 359: 17611767.
  • 76
    Christians JK, Senger LK. Fine mapping dissects pleiotropic growth quantitative trait locus into linked loci. Mamm Genome 2007; 18: 240245.
  • 77
    Belknap JK, Mitchell SR, O'Toole LA, Helms ML, Crabbe JC. Type I and type II error rates for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies using recombinant inbred mouse strains. Behav Genet 1996; 26: 149160.
  • 78
    Price CP, Herman BC, Lufkin T, Goldman HM, Jepsen KJ. Genetic variation in bone growth patterns defines adult mouse bone fragility. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20: 19831991.
  • 79
    Yakar S, Canalis E, Sun H, et al. Serum IGF-1 determines skeletal strength by regulating sub-periosteal expansion and compensatory trait interactions. J Bone Miner Res 2009; 24: 14811492.
  • 80
    Kozloff KM, Carden A, Bergwitz C, et al. Brittle IV mouse model for osteogenesis imperfecta IV demonstrates postpubertal adaptations to improve whole bone strength. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19: 614622.
  • 81
    Wallace JM, Ron MS, Kohn DH. Short-term exercise in mice increases tibial post-yield mechanical properties while two weeks of latency following exercise increases tissue-level strength. Calcif Tissue Int 2009; 84: 297304.