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Current funding of the Lehigh Longitudinal Study is provided by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research (OBSSR) (1 R01 HD049767-01A2, Todd I. Herrenkohl, PI). The content of this paper is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agencies.
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Article
Gender differences in risk/protection profiles for low academic performance†
Article first published online: 6 APR 2010
DOI: 10.1002/jcop.20373
© 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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How to Cite
Whitney, S. D., Renner, L. M. and Herrenkohl, T. I. (2010), Gender differences in risk/protection profiles for low academic performance. Journal of Community Psychology, 38: 435–455. doi: 10.1002/jcop.20373
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Publication History
- Issue published online: 6 APR 2010
- Article first published online: 6 APR 2010
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Abstract
Using holistic-interactionistic theory, the simultaneous nature of risk and protection factors for both males and females (age 6–11 in Wave 1) is examined using latent profile analysis (LPA). Risk/protection classes are estimated using multiple risk factor variables (e.g., physical child abuse) and multiple protective factors (e.g., extracurricular activities). These risk/protection classes were used to predict low academic performance. For both males and females, high risk, low protection individuals were significantly more likely to experience low academic performance than low risk, high protection cases. Gender differences emerged in a class for females that included the importance of parental/peer disapproval of antisocial behavior as a protective factor that was not present for males. Findings support elements of the holistic-interactionistic theory for human development and suggest the need to examine risk and protective factors in combination to account for their shared influences on developmental outcomes. Implications for youths underperforming academically are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.