Technical Note

You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article

Image artifacts in concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and fMRI caused by leakage currents: Modeling and compensation

  1. Nikolaus Weiskopf PhD1,*,
  2. Oliver Josephs MSc1,
  3. Christian C. Ruff PhD1,2,
  4. Felix Blankenburg MD1,2,3,
  5. Eric Featherstone BSc1,
  6. Anthony Thomas BSc4,
  7. Sven Bestmann PhD1,5,
  8. Jon Driver DPhil1,2,
  9. Ralf Deichmann PhD1,6

Article first published online: 22 APR 2009

DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21749

Issue

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Volume 29, Issue 5, pages 1211–1217, May 2009

Additional Information

How to Cite

Weiskopf, N., Josephs, O., Ruff, C. C., Blankenburg, F., Featherstone, E., Thomas, A., Bestmann, S., Driver, J. and Deichmann, R. (2009), Image artifacts in concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and fMRI caused by leakage currents: Modeling and compensation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 29: 1211–1217. doi: 10.1002/jmri.21749

Author Information

  1. 1

    Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom

  2. 2

    UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom

  3. 3

    Department of Neurology and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité, Berlin, Germany

  4. 4

    The Magstim Company Limited, Whitland, Wales, United Kingdom

  5. 5

    Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom

  6. 6

    University Hospital, Brain Imaging Center, Frankfurt, Germany

*Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 22 APR 2009
  2. Article first published online: 22 APR 2009
  3. Manuscript Accepted: 4 FEB 2009
  4. Manuscript Received: 25 OCT 2008

Funded by

  • Wellcome Trust supports the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging
  • Wellcome Trust Programme
  • Medical Research Council (MRC)
  • Royal Society-Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellowship

SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

ARTICLE TOOLS

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (2166K)

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Walsh V, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a neurochronometrics of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2005.
  • 2
    Wassermann E. Oxford handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.
  • 3
    Frackowiak RSJ, Friston KJ, Frith C, et al. Human brain function. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 2003.
  • 4
    Bohning DE, Shastri A, Nahas Z, et al. Echoplanar BOLD fMRI of brain activation induced by concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation. Invest Radiol 1998; 33: 336–340.
  • 5
    Bestmann S, Baudewig J, Frahm J. On the synchronization of transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional echo-planar imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 17: 309–316.
    Direct Link:
  • 6
    Baudewig J, Paulus W, Frahm J. Artifacts caused by transcranial magnetic stimulation coils and EEG electrodes in T2*-weighted echo-planar imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 18: 479–484.
  • 7
    Bohning DE, Denslow S, Bohning PA, Walker JA, George MS. A TMS coil positioning/holding system for MR image-guided TMS interleaved with fMRI. Clin Neurophysiol 2003; 114: 2210–2219.
  • 8
    Ruff CC, Blankenburg F, Bjoertomt O, et al. Concurrent TMS-fMRI and psychophysics reveal frontal influences on human retinotopic visual cortex. Curr Biol 2006; 16: 1479–1488.
  • 9
    Bestmann S, Ruff CC, Blankenburg F, Weiskopf N, Driver J, Rothwell JC. Mapping causal interregional influences with concurrent TMS-fMRI. Exp Brain Res 2008; 191: 383–402.
  • 10
    Jezzard P, Clare S. Sources of distortion in functional MRI data. Hum Brain Mapp 1999; 8: 80–85.
    Direct Link:
  • 11
    Hernandez-Garcia L, Lee S, Grissom W. An approach to MRI-based dosimetry for transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage 2007; 36: 1171–1178.
  • 12
    Weiskopf N, Hutton C, Josephs O, Deichmann R. Optimal EPI parameters for reduction of susceptibility-induced BOLD sensitivity losses: a whole-brain analysis at 3 T and 1.5 T. Neuroimage 2006; 33: 493–504.
  • 13
    Hutton C, Bork A, Josephs O, Deichmann R, Ashburner J, Turner R. Image distortion correction in fMRI: a quantitative evaluation. Neuroimage 2002; 16: 217–240.
  • 14
    Hutton C, Deichmann R, Turner R, Andersson JLR. Combined correction for geometric distortion and its interaction with head motion in fMRI. In: Proc 12th Annual Meeting ISMRM, Kyoto, 2004 (abstract 1084).
  • 15
    Josephs O, Deichmann R, Turner R. Trajectory measurement and generalised reconstruction in rectilinear EPI. In: Proc 8th Annual Meeting ISMRM, Denver, 2000 (abstract 1517).
  • 16
    Knecht S, Sommer J, Deppe M, Steinstrater O. Scalp position and efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116: 1988–1993.
  • 17
    Bestmann S, Swayne O, Blankenburg F, et al. Dorsal premotor cortex exerts state-dependent causal influences on activity in contralateral primary motor and dorsal premotor cortex. Cereb Cortex 2008; 16: 1281–1291.
  • 18
    Blankenburg F, Ruff CC, Bestmann S, et al. Interhemispheric effect of parietal TMS on somatosensory response confirmed directly with concurrent TMS-fMRI. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 13202–13208.
  • 19
    Bungert A, Bowtell RW. Effects of the TMS coil on MR image quality in combined TMS/fMRI. In: Proc 16th Annual Meeting ISMRM, Toronto, 2008 (abstract 3028).
  • 20
    Weiskopf N, Sitaram R, Josephs O, et al. Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging: methods and applications. Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25: 989–1003.
View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (2166K)