Special Feature: Historical
You have free access to this content
History of mass spectrometry at the Olympic Games
Article first published online: 20 JUN 2008
DOI: 10.1002/jms.1445
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Issue
1096-9888c/asset/cover.gif?v=1&s=ccfd7c8caceba67cfca8cea819fc356bf18958b2)
Journal of Mass Spectrometry
Special Issue: Sports Doping Explored
Volume 43, Issue 7, pages 839–853, July 2008
Additional Information
How to Cite
Hemmersbach, P. (2008), History of mass spectrometry at the Olympic Games. J. Mass Spectrom., 43: 839–853. doi: 10.1002/jms.1445
Publication History
- Issue published online: 24 JUN 2008
- Article first published online: 20 JUN 2008
- Manuscript Accepted: 9 MAY 2008
- Manuscript Received: 11 APR 2008
REFERENCES
- 1. Doping, 2nd ed. Orion Pharma AB: Stockholm, 1997.
- 2. The struggle against doping and its history. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 1970; 10: 45.
- 3. La Lucha contra el Dopage. Revista de Derecho Sportiva 1963; 3: 583.
- 4, . Misuse of drugs in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1979; 12: 185.
- 5, , . Routine detection and identification in urine of stimulants and other drugs, some of which may be used to modify performance in sport. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1967; 19: 273.
- 6, . The First Thirty Years of the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission. International Olympic Committee: Lausanne, 1998; 73.
- 7. The doping problem at the Tokyo and Mexico City Olympic Games. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 1986; 6: 183.
- 8. Use and abuse of drugs in sport. Journal of Biosocial Science-Supplement 1981; 7: 163.
- 9, , . Dopingkontrollen bei den Spielen der XX. Olympiade München 1972. Leistungssport 1974; 4: 130.
- 10, , . Dopingkontrollen bei den Spielen der XX. Olympiade München 1972 (III). Leistungssport 1974; 4: 303.
- 11, , . Dopingkontrollen bei den Spielen der XX. Olympiade München 1972—Teil 2. Leistungssport (Berlin) 1974; 4: 192.
- 12. Doping und Seine Wirkstoffe—Verbotene Arzneimittel im Sport. Spitta Verlag: Balingen, 2004; 147.
- 13, . Significant events in the history of drug testing and the Olympic movement: 1960–1999. In Doping in Elite Sport—The Politics of Drugs in the Olympic Movement, WilsonW, DerseE (eds). Human Kinetics Publishers: Champaign, 2001; 65.
- 14International Olympic Committee. List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods of Doping, Lausanne, 2003.
- 15World Anti Doping Agency. The 2008 prohibited list, http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/2008_List_ En.pdf, accessed on 05 April 2008.
- 16World Anti Doping Agency. WADA-accredited laboratories, http://www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.id=333, accessed on 05 April 2008.
- 17, . Moderne methoden der dopinganalyse. Sportarzt und Sportmedizin 1971; 3: 57.
- 18, . Stimulants, narcotics and ß-blockers: 25 years of development in analytical techniques for doping control. Journal of Chromatography B 1996; 687: 221.
- 19. Doping tests at the Olympic Games in 1976. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 1979; 19: 91.
- 20, , . Detection of anabolic steroids by radioimmunoassay. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1975; 9: 89.
- 21, , , . Detection of anabolic steroid administration to athletes. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 1979; 11: 913.
- 22, , . GC-MS approach for the detection and characterisation of anabolic steroids and their metabolites in biological fluids at major international sporting events. Farmaceutische Tijdschrift Voor Belgie 1978; 55: 85.
- 23. N-Methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoracetamid, ein neues Silylierungsmittel aus der Reihe der silylierten Amide. Journal of Chromatography 1969; 42: 103.
- 24. Zum problem des Nachweises der anabolen steroide: gas-chromatographische und massenspezifische Möglichkeiten. Sportarzt und Sportmedizin 1975; 26: 1.
- 25, . Zur Darstellung von Trimethylsilyl-, Triethylsilyl- und tert.-Butyldimethylsilyl-enoläthern von Ketosteroiden für gas-chromatographische und massenspektrometrische Bestimmungen. Journal of Chromatography 1980; 202: 483.
- 26, , . Gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric methods for the detection and identification of anabolic steroid drugs. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1975; 9: 93.
- 27, , , , , , . Routinebestimmung von Anabolika im Harn. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin 1984; 35: 14.
- 28, , . Studies on anabolic steroids I. Integrated methodological approach to the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of anabolic steroid metabolites in urine. Journal of Chromatography 1989; 489: 24.
- 29, , . Testing for natural and synthetic anabolic agents in human urine. Journal of Chromatography B 1996; 687: 3.
- 30, . Metabolism of anabolic steroids in man: synthesis and use of reference substances for identification of anabolic steroid metabolites. Analytica Chimica Acta 1993; 275: 23.
- 31, , , , . Nachweis von exogenem testosteron (detection of endogenous testosterone). In Sport: Leistung und Gesundheit/Kongreßband Deutscher Sportärztekongreß 1982, HeckH (ed). Deutscher Ärzte Verlag: Köln, 1983; 293.
- 32, , , , . Analytical chemistry at the games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad in Los Angeles, 1984. Clinical Chemistry 1987; 33: 319.
- 33Canadian Broadcasting Centre. CBC digital archives, http://archives.cbc.ca/clip.asp?IDClip=8960&IDCat=371&IDCatPa=263, accessed on 05 April 2008.
- 34. Evaluating an abnormal urinary steroid profile. Lancet 1992; 339: 941.
- 35, , , , . Factors influencing the steroid profile in doping control analysis. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2008; 43(7.):DOI: 10.1002/ jms.1457.
- 36, , , , , , , . Drug testing at the 10th Asian Games and 24th Seoul Olympic Games. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 1990; 14: 66.
- 37, , . Metabolism of stanozolol: identification and synthesis of urinary metabolites. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1990; 36: 153.
- 38World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2008 monitoring program, http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Monit- oring_Program_2008_En.pdf, accessed on 05 April 2008.
- 39, , , , , , , . Analysis of anabolic steroids using GC/MS with selected ion monitoring. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 1990; 14: 91.
- 40, , . Simultaneous determination of morazone and phenmetrazine in rat plasma and urine using an on-column injection technique with fused-silica capillary column gas chromatography. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 1990; 14: 113.
- 41, , , , . Determination of phenolalkylamines, narcotic analgesics, and beta-blockers by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 1990; 14: 77.
- 42, , , . Systematic analysis of stimulants and narcotic analgesics by gas chromatography with nitrogen specific detection and mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 1990; 14: 73.
- 43, , , , . Systematic analysis of diuretic doping agents by HPLC screening and GC/MS confirmation. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 1990; 14: 84.
- 44, , , . Analysis of corticosteroids in urine by HPLC and thermospray LC/MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 1990; 14: 102.
- 45, , , , , , . Evaluation of protein N-glycosylation in 2-DE: erythropoietin as a study case. Proteomics 2007; 7: 4278.
- 46, . Recombinant erythropoietin in urine. Nature 2000; 405: 635.
- 47, , , . Detection of isoelectric profiles of erythropoietin in urine: differentiation of natural and administered recombinant hormones. Analytical Biochemistry 2002; 311: 119.
- 48, , , , , , . Antidoping control laboratory at the games of the XXV Olympiad Barcelona'92. Part I. Management of resources. In Recent Advances in Doping Analysis—Proceedings of the 12th Cologne Workshop, 10–15 April 1994, vol. 2, DonikeM, GeyerH, GotzmannA, Mareck-EngelkeU (eds). Sport und Buch Strauß: Köln, 1995; 403.
- 49, , , , , , . Antidoping control laboratory at the games of the XXV Olympiad Barcelona'92. Part II. Strategies and results. In Recent Advances in Doping Analysis—Proceedings of the 12th Cologne Workshop, 10–15 April 1994, vol. 2, DonikeM, GeyerH, GotzmannA, Mareck-EngelkeU (eds). Sport und Buch Strauß: Köln, 1995; 413.
- 50, , , , . An approach to the analysis of diuretics and masking agents by HPLC-MS in doping control. Journal of Chromatography B 1991; 562: 723.
- 51, , , , , . Possibilities of liquid chromatography-mass spektrometry for the identification of labile compounds. In Proceedings of the 10th Cologne Workshop on Dope Analysis, 7–12 June 1992, DonikeM, GeyerH, GotzmannA, Mareck-EngelkeU, RauthS (eds). Sport und Buch Strauß: Köln, 1993; 231.
- 52, , , . Analysis of mesocarb metabolites by HPLC-UVand HPLC-MS using particle-beam interface. Journal of Chromatography 1993; 647: 203.
- 53, , . Characteristics of the central action of sidnocarb. Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii Imeni S S Korsakova (Russian) 1974; 74: 594.
- 54, , . Validation of liquid chromatography—electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry method for the determination of mesocarb in human plasma and urine. Journal of Chromatographic Science 2005; 43: 11.
- 55, , , , , . The effect of the anabolic agent, clenbuterol, on overloaded rat skeletal muscle. Bioscience Reports 1987; 7: 143.
- 56, , , , , . Clenbuterol, a beta agonist, induces growth in innervated and denervated rat soleus muscle via apparently different mechanisms. Bioscience Reports 1987; 7: 525.
- 57, , , . Determination of beta 2-agonists in hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 1996; 31: 47.
- 58. Clenbuterol and sport. Lancet 1992; 340: 1165.
- 59Muscling in on clenbuterol (Editorial). Lancet 1992; 340: 403.
- 60, , , , . Long-term detection and identification of metandienone and stanozolol abuse in athletes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B 1996; 687: 93.
- 61, , . Determination of urinary norandrosterone excretion in females during one menstrual cycle by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biomedical Chromatography 2006; 20: 710.
- 62, . High-resolution GC/MS. In Recent Advances in Doping Analysis—Proceedings of the 11th Cologne Workshop, 7–12 March 1993, DonikeM, GeyerH, GotzmannA, Mareck-EngelkeU, RauthS (eds). Sport und Buch Strauß: Köln, 1994; 155.
- 63, , , . Short report from the doping analysis during the XVII Olympic Winter Games. In Advances in Doping Analysis—Proceedings of the 12th Cologne Workshop, 10–15 April 1994, vol. 2, DonikeM, GeyerH, GotzmannA, Mareck-EngelkeU (eds). Sport und Buch Strauß: Köln, 1995; 393.
- 64. Significance of 19-norandrosterone in athletes' urine samples. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2006; 40:Suppl. 1 i25.
- 65, , , . The appearance of urinary 19-norandrosterone during pregnancy. European Journal of Sport Science 2002; 2: 1, DOI: 10.1080/17461390200072202.
- 66, , . The interpretation of female steroid profiles. In Recent Advances in Doping Analysis, vol. 5, SchänzerW, GeyerH, GotzmannA, Mareck-EngelkeU (eds). Sport und Buch Strauß: Cologne, 1998; 51.
- 67World Anti Doping Agency. Reporting norandrosterone findings, http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/-nandrolone_aug_04.pdf, accessed on 05 April 2008.
- 68, , , , , , . Formation of 19-norsteroids by in situ demethylation of endogenous steroids in stored urine samples. Steroids 2005; 70: 499.
- 69, . Detection of transfused allogenic blood. In Blood Samples in Doping Control, HemmersbachP, BirkelandKI (eds). Pensumtjeneste (On Demand Publishing): Oslo, 1994; 161.
- 70, . Performance-enhancing drugs, fair competition, and Olympic sport(see comment). Journal of the American Medical Association 1996; 276: 231.
- 71, , , , . Bromantan, a new doping agent. Lancet 1997; 350: 963.
- 72, , , , , , . The effect of bromantane, a new immunostimulant with psychostimulating action, on release and metabolism of dopamine in the dorsal striatum of freely moving rats: a microdialysis study. Biulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny 1995; 119: 302.
- 73, , , , , . The effect of bromantane on the dopamin- and serotoninergic systems of the rat brain. Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia Farmakologiia 1995; 58: 8.
- 74, , , , , , , , , . Study of heat-protective effects of bromantane at various levels of overheating. Voprosy Meditsinskoi Khimii 1995; 41: 54.
- 75, , , . Determination of carphedon in human urine by solid-phase microextraction using capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. The Analyst 1999; 124: 1559.
- 76, , , . Carphedon—identif- ikation einer neuen designerdroge. Rechtsmedizin 1999; 9: 215.
- 77, , . Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons, Pesticides, Pollutants and Their Metabolites, Part 4. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2000.
- 78, , , , , , . Improved method of detection of testosterone abuse by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis of urinary steroids. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 1996; 31: 169.
- 79, , , , , . Gas chromatography/combustion/isotope-ratio mass spectrometry analysis of urinary steroids to detect misuse of testosterone in sport. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 1994; 8: 304.
- 80, , , , , . Detection of exogenous testosterone by 13C/12C analysis. In Recent Advances in Doping Analysis, vol. 4, SchänzerW, GeyerH, GotzmannA, Mareck-EngelkeU (eds). Sport und Buch Strauß: Köln, 1996; 275.
- 81, , , . Confirming testosterone administration by isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of urinary androstanediols. Steroids 1997; 62: 379.
- 82, . Analysis of exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone excretion in urine by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 1999; 13: 2237.
- 83, . Doping with naturally occuring steroids. Journal of Toxicology—Toxin Reviews 1999; 18: 177.
- 84, , , , , , , , , . Detection of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) doping: alterations in steroid profile and reference ranges for DHT and its 5a-metabolites. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 1995; 35: 235.
- 85, , Expert Committee on Nandrolone UKSC. Nandrolone progress report to the UK Sports Council from the Expert Committee on Nandrolone february 2003. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2003; 24: 620.
- 86. Double-blotting: a solution to the problem of non-specific binding of secondary antibodies in immunoblotting procedures. Journal of Immunological Methods 2001; 253: 125.
- 87, , , , , , , , . A novel method utilising markers of altered erythropoiesis for the detection of recombinant human erythropoietin abuse in athletes. Haematologica 2000; 85: 564.
- 88, , , , , , , , , , . Second-generation blood tests to detect erythropoietin abuse by athletes. Haematologica 2003; 88: 333.
- 89, , , , , , , , , . Detection of recombinant human erythropoietin abuse in athletes utilizing markers of altered erythropoiesis. Haematologica 2001; 86: 128.
- 90. Sydney Olympics 2000: an overview. In Recent Advances in Doping Analysis, vol. 9, SchänzerW, GeyerH, GotzmannA, Mareck-EngelkeU (eds). Sport und Buch Strauß: Köln, 2001; 112.
- 91. Analyzing the Olympic games: a case study within the anti-doping programme: an overview. The Clinical Biochemist Reviews 2002; 23: 35.
- 92, . Drugs in sports: analytical trends. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 2000; 22: 103.
- 93World Anti Doping Agency. Independant observer report, http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/sydney_io_report.pdf, accessed on 05 April 2008.
- 94U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Dietary supplement and health education act, http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/dshea.html, accessed on 05 April 2008.
- 95, , , , , . Sport nutritional supplements: quality and doping controls. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 2001; 26(Suppl.): S120.
- 96, , , . Nutritional supplements as a source for positive doping cases? International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2001; 11: 258.
- 97, , , , , , . Trace contamination of over-the-counter androstenedione and positive urine test results for a nandrolone metabolite. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000; 284: 2618.
- 98, , . Quality control of dehydroepiandrosterone dietary supplement products. Journal of the American Medical Association 1998; 280: 1565.
- 99. Unintentional doping through the use of contaminated nutritional supplements. South African Medical Journal 2005; 95: 510.
- 100, . Untersuchung auf mögliche Verunreinigungen von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln mit anabolen Steroiden. Forschungsberichte des Österreichischen Bundesministeriums für soziale Sicherheit und Generationen. ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH: Seibersdorf, 2002; 2.
- 101, , , , , . Analysis of non-hormonal nutritional supplements for anabolic-androgenic steroids—results of an international study. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2004; 25: 124.
- 102, , , . Analysis of “non -hormonal” nutritional supplements for prohormones. In Recent Advances in Doping Analysis, vol. 9, SchänzerW, GeyerH, GotzmannA, Mareck-EngelkeU (eds). Sport und Buch Strauß: Köln, 2001; 63.
- 103, , , , . Positive doping cases with norandrosterone after application of contaminated nutritional supplements. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin 2000; 51: 378.
- 104, . Medication use in athletes selected for doping control at the Sydney Olympics (2000). Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2003; 13: 33.
- 105, , . Synthesis and characterisation of steroid metabolites for use as analytical reference materials. In Recent Advances in Doping Analysis—Proceedings of the 17th Cologne Workshop, 14–19 March 1999, vol. 7, SchänzerW, GeyerH, GotzmannA, Mareck-EngelkeU (eds). Sport und Buch Strauß: Köln, 1999; 181.
- 106, , , . Comparison of the isoelectric focusing patterns of darbepoetin alfa, recombinant human erythropoietin, and endogenous erythropoietin from human urine. Clinical Chemistry 2002; 48: 2057.
- 107, , . Mass spectrometry of partially methylated alditol acetates derived from hydroxyethyl starch. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2000; 35: 77.
- 108, , . Detection of the plasma volume expander hydroxyethyl starch in human urine. Journal of Chromatography B 2000; 744: 345.
- 109, , . Detection of hydroxyethylstarch (HES) in human urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 2006; 834: 217.
- 110, , . Identification and quantification of the plasma volume expander dextran in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of enzymatically derived isomaltose. Biomedical Chromatography 2005; 19: 743.
- 111, . Rapid screening of plasma volume expanders in urine using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2004; 18: 1324.
- 112, . RSR13, a potential athletic performance enhancement agent: detection in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2001; 15: 2379.
- 113, , , , , , , . Human pharmacology of the methamphetamine stereoisomers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2006; 80: 403.
- 114. Determination of methamphetamine enantiomer ratios in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1992; 580: 77.
- 115, , , , . Enantiomeric separation and quantitation of (+/−)-amphetamine, (+/−)-methamphetamine, (+/−)-MDA, (+/−)-MDMA, and (+/−)-MDEA in urine specimens by GC-EI-MS after derivatization with (R)-(−)- or (S)-(+)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethy)phenylacetyl chloride (MTPA). Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2004; 28: 449.
- 116, , . Simultaneous determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine enantiomers in urine by simultaneous liquid-liquid extraction and diastereomeric derivatization followed by gas chromatographic-isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 2005; 816: 131.
- 117, , . Current role of capillary electrophoretic/electrokinetic techniques in forensic toxicology. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2007; 388: 1359.
- 118. Stereoselective metabolism of famprofazone in humans: N-dealkylation and ß- and p-hydroxylation. Chirality 1997; 9: 52.
- 119. Metabolism of selegiline in humans. Identification, excretion, and stereochemistry of urine metabolites. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 1997; 25: 657.
- 120, . Stereospecific derivatization of amphetamines, phenol alkyamines, and hydroxyamines and quantification of the enantiomers by capillary GC/MS. Analytical Chemistry 1996; 68: 3015.
- 121, , , . Analytical methodology for enantiomers of salbutamol in human urine for application in doping control. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 1999; 723: 173.
- 122, , , , , , , , , , , . An overview of the doping control analysis during the Olympic Games of 2004 in Athens, Greece. Analytica Chimica Acta 2006; 555: 1.
- 123World Anti Doping Agency. Olympic Summer Games 2004 Athens independent observer programme, http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/AthensIOReport.pdf, accessed on 05 April 2008; 52.
- 124, , , , . Methodologies for detection of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Journal of Chromatographic Science 2005; 43: 39.
- 125, , , , , , . Electro- phoretic, size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometric detection of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Analytica Chimica Acta 2007; 583: 223.
- 126, , , . Doping control analysis of bovine hemoglobin-based oxygen therapeutics in human plasma by LC-electrospray ionization-MS/MS. Analytical Chemistry 2003; 75: 3287.
- 127, , , , , , . Detection of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers in human serum for doping analysis: confirmation by size-exclusion HPLC. Clinical Chemistry 2004; 50: 723.
- 128, . Barry bonds: anatomy of a scandal, San Francisco Chronicle, 23 December 2003, http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/baseball/153951_ steriods25.html, accessed on 05 April 2008.
- 129, , , , , . Tetrahydrogestrinone: discovery, synthesis, and detection in urine. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2004; 18: 1245.
- 130, , , , , , , , , , , , . Tetrahydrogestrinone is an androgenic steroid that stimulates androgen receptor-mediated, myogenic differentiation in C3H10T1/2 multipotent mesenchymal cells and promotes muscle accretion in orchidectomized male rats. Endocrinology 2005; 146: 4472.
- 131, , , , , , , , . Doping control analysis in human urine by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry for the Olympic Games Athens 2004: determination of corticosteroids and quantification of ephedrines, salbutamol and morphine. Analytica Chimica Acta 2006; 573–574: 242.
- 132, , , , , . Organization of the doping control laboratory in the Athens 2004 Olympic Games: a case study. Technovation 2006; 26: 1162.
- 133, , , , . Multi-detection of corticosteroids in sports doping and veterinary control using high-resolution liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 2007; 586: 137.
- 134World Anti Doping Agency. Minimum required performance limits for detection of prohibited substances, TD2004MRPL, http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/perf_ limits_2.pdf, accessed on 05 April 2008.
- 135, , , , , . Metabolism of isometheptene in human urine and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in doping control. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 2005; 827: 199.
- 136, . A fast liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric screening method for the simultaneous detection of synthetic glucocorticoids, some stimulants, anti-oestrogen drugs and synthetic anabolic steroids. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2006; 20: 3465.
- 137, , , , , , . Comprehensive sample preparation for anabolic steroids, glucocorticosteroids, beta-receptor blocking agents, selected anabolic androgenic steroids and buprenorphine in human urine. In Recent Advances in Doping Analysis, vol. 12, SchänzerW, GeyerH, GotzmannA, Mareck-EngelkeU (eds). Sport und Buch Strauß: Köln, 2004; 65.
- 138, . Validation of a screening method for corticosteroids in doping analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2003; 17: 2107.
- 139, , , . Development of a qualitative liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method for the detection of narcotics in urine relevant to doping analysis. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2007; 21: 3015.
- 140, , . Simultaneous determination of beta-blocking agents and diuretics in doping analysis by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with scan-to-scan polarity switching. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2005; 19: 90.
- 141, , . Applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in doping control. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2005; 29: 1.
- 142, , , . Development and validation of a qualitative screening method for the detection of exogenous anabolic steroids in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2007; 389: 1209.
- 143, , . High speed determination of beta-receptor blocking agents in human urine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Biomedical Chromatography 2001; 15: 393.
- 144, . Current role of LC-MS(/MS) in doping control. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2007; 388: 1351.
- 145, . Examples of doping control analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: ephedrines, b-receptor blocking agents, diuretics, sympathomimetics, and cross-linked hemoglobins. Journal of Chromatographic Science 2005; 43: 22.
- 146, , , , . Screening, confirmation and quantitation of diuretics in urine for doping control analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B 2001; 757: 49.
- 147, , . Detection of sibutramine administration: a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry study of the main urinary metabolites. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2007; 21: 79.
- 148, , , . Determination of N-desmethyl- and N-bisdesmethyl metabolites of sibutramine in doping control analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2006; 12: 129, DOI: 10.1255/ejms.797.
- 149World Anti Doping Agency. Olympic Winter Games Turin 2006, independant observer programme, http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Olympic_IO_Report_ 2006_En.pdf, accessed on 05 April 2008; 25.
- 150World Anti Doping Agency. International standard for laboratories, Version 5.0, http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/lab_08_V_05.pdf, accessed on 05 April 2008.
- 151International Olympic Committee. International Olympic Charter of Doping in Sport, Lausanne, 1988.
- 152, , . Mass spectrometric determination of insulins and their degradation products in sports drug testing. Mass Spectrometry Reviews 2008; 27: 35.
- 153World Anti Doping Agency. Identification criteria for qualitative assays incorporating chromatography and mass spectrometry, http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/criteria_1_2.pdf, accessed on 05 April 2008.
- 154. International sports law perspective: introducing the court for arbitration for sport—the ad-hoc division at the Olympic Games. Marquette Sports Law Review 2001; 12: 515.
- 155. Hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques-indispensable tools in clinical and forensic toxicology and in doping control. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2006; 41: 1399.
- 156, . Mass spectrometry in sports drug testing: structure characterization and analytical assays. Mass Spectrometry Reviews 2007; 26: 79.
- 157, . Mass spectrometry in doping control analysis. Current Organic Chemistry 2005; 9: 825.
- 158, , , . Efficient approach for the comprehensive detection of unknown anabolic steroids and metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 2008; 80: 1709.
- 159, , , . Screening for unknown synthetic steroids in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2005; 40: 955.

1096-9888c/asset/JMS_centre.gif?v=1&s=c5d8b9516fd4e7195e59ef9c0ec3da230e1f49d9)