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Research Article
Early human enterovirus infections in healthy Swedish children participating in the PRODIA pilot study
Article first published online: 12 APR 2012
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23284
Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Additional Information
How to Cite
Simonen-Tikka, M.-L., Hiekka, A.-K., Klemola, P., Poussa, T., Ludvigsson, J., Korpela, R., Vaarala, O. and Roivainen, M. (2012), Early human enterovirus infections in healthy Swedish children participating in the PRODIA pilot study. J. Med. Virol., 84: 923–930. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23284
Publication History
- Issue published online: 12 APR 2012
- Article first published online: 12 APR 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: 29 FEB 2012
Funded by
- Academy of Finland
- The Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation
- The Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation
Keywords:
- probiotics;
- stool;
- type 1 diabetes;
- viral culturing
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (HEV) are common, especially in childhood and during the enterovirus season, causing mainly asymptomatic infections but also mild and severe illnesses. Numerous studies have shown the association between HEV infections and type 1 diabetes. Here, the prevalence of HEV infections was studied in healthy Swedish children with increased HLA-associated risk for type 1 diabetes participating in the PRODIA pilot study in which children were randomized to receive probiotics or placebo during the first 6 months of life. Stool specimens collected from 197 children in every 3 months from the age of 3 to 24 months were screened for HEV using traditional viral culturing method and identified with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing of the partial VP1 coding part of the viral genome. Altogether 4.8% (52/1,094) of the specimens were HEV-positive and 22.3% (44/197) of the children excreted HEV during the follow-up. HEV-A and HEV-B were present in 2.1 and 2.7% of the specimens, respectively. HEV-C and HEV-D viruses were not detected. In total, 17 different HEV serotypes were detected and the most common findings were CV-A9 (13.5%), CV-A16 (11.5%), and CV-A2 (9.6%). The majority of the infections (92.3%) were during the enterovirus season extending from July to December. Probiotic treatment did not affect significantly the risk of HEV infections during the 2-year follow-up although a trend for transient decrease for HEV positivity (HEV-A and/or HEV-B) by the age of 12 months was observed in children who received probiotics [OR 0.40; 95% confidence interval 0.15 to 1.08; P-value 0.071, generalized estimating (GEE) analysis]. According to the results, HEV-A findings were nearly as common as HEV-B findings among the healthy children participating in this study. Also it was shown that serotypes belonging to HEV-A species can be detected by means of viral culturing. J. Med. Virol. 84:923–930, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.