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Keywords:

  • lung cancer;
  • combined modalities;
  • surgery;
  • radiotherapy;
  • chemotherapy;
  • immunotherapy

Abstract

Future improvements in the therapy of lung cancer most probably will result from new treatment approaches that combine all existing modalities. This paper discusses the applications and, in particular, the shortcomings of present knowledge in surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and combinations of these modalities as they relate to the growing problem of treatment in lung cancer.