SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. http://optn.org. Accessed: July 29, 2005.
  • 2
    Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. http://optn.org. Accessed: September 23, 2005.
  • 3
    Richter GM, Palmaz JC, Noeldge G, et al. The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt: a new nonsurgical percutaneous method. Radiologe 1989; 29: 406411.
  • 4
    Richter GM, Noeldge G, Palmaz JC, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portocaval stent shunt: preliminary clinical results. Radiology 1990; 174: 10271030.
  • 5
    Kauffmann GW, Richter GM. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt (TIPSS): technique and indications. Eur Radiol 1999; 9: 685692.
  • 6
    Boyer TD, Haskal ZJ. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Practice Guidelines: the role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation in the management of portal hypertension. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16: 615629.
  • 7
    Haskal ZJ, Martin L, Cardella JF, et al. Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Standards of Practice Committee. Quality improvement guidelines for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. SCVIR Standards of Practice Committee. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12: 131136.
  • 8
    Ferral H, Patel NH. Selection criteria for patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedures: current status. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16: 449455.
  • 9
    ter Borg PC, Hollemans M, Van Buuren HR, Vleggaar FP, Groeneweg M, Hop WC, Lameris JS. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: long-term patency and clinical results in a patient cohort observed for 3-9 years. Radiology 2004; 231: 537545.
  • 10
    Tripathi D, Helmy A, Macbeth K, Balata S, Lui HF, Stanley AJ, et al. Ten years' follow-up of 472 patients following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt insertion at a single centre. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16: 918.
  • 11
    Molmenti EP, Segev DL, Arepally A, Hong J, Thuluvath PJ, Rai R, Klein AS. The utility of TIPS in the management of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Ann Surg 2005; 241: 978981; discussion 982–983.
  • 12
    Rosch J, Keller FS. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: present status, comparison with endoscopic therapy and shunt surgery, and future prospectives. World J Surg 2001; 25: 337346.
  • 13
    Radosevich PM, Ring EJ, LaBerge JM, Peltzer MY, Haskal ZJ, Doherty MM, Gordon RL. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in patients with portal vein occlusion. Radiology 1993; 186: 523527.
  • 14
    Walser EM, NcNees SW, DeLa Pena O, Crow WN, Morgan RA, Soloway R, Broughan T. Portal venous thrombosis: percutaneous therapy and outcome. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998; 9: 119127.
  • 15
    Wallace MJ, Madoff DC, Ahrar K, Warneke CL. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: experience in the oncology setting. Cancer 2004; 101: 337345.
  • 16
    Martin M, Zajko AB, Orons PD, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the management of variceal bleeding: indications and clinical results. Surgery 1993; 114: 719725.
  • 17
    LaBerge JM, Ring EJ, Gordon RL, et al. Creation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with the Wallstent endoprosthesis: results in 100 patients. Radiology 1993; 187: 413420.
  • 18
    Kerlan RK, LaBerge, JM, Gordon RL, Ring EJ. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: current status. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 164: 10591066.
  • 19
    Freedman AM, Sanyal AJ, Tisnado J, et al. Complications of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a comprehensive review. Radiographics 1993; 13: 11851210.
  • 20
    Silva RF, Arroyo PC Jr, Duca WJ, Silva AA, Reis LF, Cabral CM, et al. Complications following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a retrospective analysis. Transplant Proc 2004; 36: 926928.
  • 21
    Deltenre P, Mathurin P, Dharancy S, Moreau R, Bulois P, Henrion J, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in refractory ascites: a meta-analysis. Liver Int 2005; 25: 349356.
  • 22
    Nazarian GK, Bjarnason H, Dietz CA, et al. Refractory ascites: midterm results of treatment with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Radiology 1997; 205: 173180.
  • 23
    Crenshaw WB, Gordon FD, McEniff NJ, et al. Severe ascites: efficacy of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in treatment. Radiology 1996; 200: 185192.
  • 24
    Laberge JM, Somberg KA, Lake JR, et al. Two-year outcome following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for variceal bleeding: results in 90 patients. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 11431151.
  • 25
    Malinchoc M, Kamath PS, Gordon FD, Peine CJ, Rank J, ter Borg PC. A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology 2000; 31: 864871.
  • 26
    Schepke M, Roth F, Fimmers R, et al. Comparison of MELD, Child-Pugh, and Emory model for the prediction of survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 11671174.
    Direct Link:
  • 27
    Chalasani N, Clark WS, Martin LG, et al. Determinants of mortality in patients with advanced cirrhosis after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 138144.
  • 28
    Rajan DK, Haskal ZJ, Clark TW. Serum bilirubin and early mortality after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: results of a multivariate analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13: 155161.
  • 29
    Salerno F, Merli M, Cazzaniga M, et al. MELD score is better than Child-Pugh score in predicting 3-month survival of patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. J Hepatol 2002; 36: 494500.
  • 30
    Ferral H, Gamboa P, Postoak DW, et al. Survival after elective transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation: prediction with model for endstage liver disease score. Radiology 2004; 231: 231236.
  • 31
    Haskal ZJ. Interventions in portal hypertension. In: BaumS, PentecostMJ, eds. Abrams Angiography, Vol III. Interventional Radiology, 4th ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1997; 525546.
  • 32
    Bilbao JI, Quiroga J, Herrero JI, Benito A. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): current status and future possibilities. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2002; 25: 251269.
  • 33
    Rössle M, Siegerstetter V, Huber M, Ochs A. The first decade of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): state of the art. Liver 1998; 18: 7389.
  • 34
    Saxon RR, Mendel-Hartvig J, Corless CL, et al. Bile duct injury as a major cause of stenosis and occlusion in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: comparative histopathologic analysis of humans and swine. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996; 7: 487497.
  • 35
    Hausegger KA, Sternthal HM, Klein GE, Karaic R, Stauber R, Zenker G. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: angiographic follow-up and secondary interventions. Radiology 1994; 191: 177181.
  • 36
    Haskal ZJ, Pentecost MJ, Soulen MC, Shlansky-Goldberg RD, Baum RA, Cope C. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt stenosis and revision: early and midterm results. Am J Roentgenol 1994; 163: 439444.
  • 37
    Nazarian GK, Ferral H, Castaneda-Zuniga WR, et al. Development of stenoses in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Radiology 1994; 192: 231234.
  • 38
    Vignali C, Bargellini I, Grosso M, et al. TIPS with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent: results of an Italian multicenter study. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185: 472480.
  • 39
    Ockenga J, Kroencke TJ, Schuetz T, Plauth M, Kasim E, Petersein J, et al. Covered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stents maintain lower portal pressure and require fewer reinterventions than uncovered stents. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 994999.
  • 40
    Hausegger KA, Karnel F, Georgieva B, Tauss J, Portugaller H, Deutschmann H, Berghold A. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation with the Viatorr expanded polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent-graft. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15: 239248.
  • 41
    Barton RE, Rosch J, Saxon RR, Lakin PC, Petersen BD, Keller FS. TIPS: short- and long-term results: a survey of 1750 patients. Semin Interv Radiol 1995; 12: 364367.
  • 42
    Kaufman L, Itkin M, Furth EE, Stewart C, Trerotola SO. Detachable balloon-modified reducing stent to treat hepatic insufficiency after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14: 635638.
  • 43
    Haskal ZJ, Middlebrook MR. Creation of a stenotic stent to reduce flow through a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994; 5: 827829.
  • 44
    Bolondi L, Piscaglia F, Camaggi V, Grazi GL, Cavallari A. Review article: liver transplantation for HCC. Treatment options on the waiting list. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17( Suppl 2): 145150.
  • 45
    Llovet JM. Updated treatment approach to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 225235.
  • 46
    Varela M, Sala M, Llovet JM, Bruix J. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: is there an optimal stratergy? Cancer Treat Rev 2003; 29: 99104.
  • 47
    Ganne-Carrie N, Trinchet JC. Systemic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16: 275281.
  • 48
    Yao FY, Bass NM, Nikolai B, Davern TJ, Kerlan R, Wu V, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of survival according to the intention-to-treat principle and dropout from the waiting list. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 873883.
  • 49
    Yao FY, Bass NM, Nikolai B, Merriman R, Davern TJ, Kerlan R, et al. A follow-up analysis of the pattern and predictors of dropout from the waiting list for liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for the current organ allocation policy. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 684692.
  • 50
    Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 693699.
  • 51
    Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, Bacchetti P, Ascher NL, Roberts JP. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of the proposed UCSF criteria with the Milan criteria and the Pittsburgh modified TNM criteria. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 765774.
  • 52
    Johnson EW, Holck PS, Levy AE, Yeh MM, Yeung RS. The role of tumor ablation in bridging patients to liver transplantation. Arch Surg 2004; 139: 825829; discussion 829–830.
  • 53
    CarrBI, ed. Hepatocellular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005.
  • 54
    Graziadei IW, Sandmueller H, Waldenberger P, Koenigsrainer A, Nachbaur K, Jaschke W, et al. Chemoembolization followed by liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma impedes tumor progression while on the waiting list and leads to excellent outcome. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 557563.
  • 55
    Hayashi PH, Ludkowski M, Forman LM, Osgood M, Johnson S, Kugelmas M, et al. Hepatic artery chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients listed for liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2004; 4: 782787.
  • 56
    Yao FY, Kinkhabwala M, LaBerge JM, Bass NM, Brown R Jr, Kerlan R, et al. The impact of pre-operative loco-regional therapy on outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Transplant 2005; 5(Pt 1): 795804.
  • 57
    Roayaie S, Frischer JS, Emre SH, Fishbein TM, Sheiner PA, Sung M, et al. Long-term results with multimodal adjuvant therapy and liver transplantation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas larger than 5 centimeters. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 533539.
  • 58
    Limanond P, Raman SS, Ghobrial RM, Busuttil RW, Saab S, Lu DS. Preoperative imaging in adult-to-adult living related liver transplant donors: what surgeons want to know. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2004; 28: 149157.
  • 59
    Carr JC, Nemcek AA Jr, Abecassis M, Blei A, Clarke L, Pereles FS, et al. Preoperative evaluation of the entire hepatic vasculature in living liver donors with use of contrast-enhanced MR angiography and true fast imaging with steady-state precession. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14: 441449.
  • 60
    Kruskal JB, Raptopoulos V. How I do it: pre-operative CT scanning for adult living right lobe liver transplantation. Eur Radiol 2002; 12: 14231431.
  • 61
    Lee VS, Morgan GR, Teperman LW, John D, Diflo T, Pandharipande PV, et al. MR imaging as the sole preoperative imaging modality for right hepatectomy: a prospective study of living adult-to-adult liver donor candidates. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176: 14751482.
  • 62
    Sahani D, Mehta A, Blake M, Prasad S, Harris G, Saini S. Preoperative hepatic vascular evaluation with CT and MR angiography: implications for surgery. Radiographics 2004; 24: 13671380.
  • 63
    Pannu HK, Maley WR, Fishman EK. Liver transplantation: preoperative CT evaluation. Radiographics 2001; 21(Spec No): S133S146.
  • 64
    Bassignani MJ, Fulcher AS, Szucs RA, Chong WK, Prasad UR, Marcos A. Use of imaging for living donor liver transplantation. Radiographics 2001; 21: 3952.
  • 65
    Hollett MD, Jeffrey RB Jr, Nino-Murcia M, Jorgensen MJ, Harris DP. Dual phase helical CT of the liver: value of arterial phase scans in the detection of small (<1.5 cm) malignant hepatic neoplasms. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 164: 879884.
  • 66
    Sakai H, Okuda K, Yasunaga M, Kinoshita H, Aoyagi S. Reliability of hepatic artery configuration in 3D CT angiography compared with conventional angiography—special reference to living-related liver transplant donors. Transpl Int 2005; 18: 499505.
  • 67
    Saylisoy S, Atasoy C, Ersoz S, Karayalcin K, Akyar S. Multislice CT angiography in the evaluation of hepatic vascular anatomy in potential right lobe donors. Diagn Interv Radiol 2005; 11: 5159.
  • 68
    Wang ZJ, Yeh BM, Roberts JP, Breiman RS, Qayyum A, Coakley FV. Living donor candidates for right hepatic lobe transplantation: evaluation at CT cholangiography—initial experience. Radiology 2005; 235: 899904.
  • 69
    Horton KM. CT evaluation of living related liver donors. Crit Rev Comput Tomogr 2004; 45: 225233.
  • 70
    Kim JK, Kim JH, Bae SJ, Cho KS. CT angiography for evaluation of living renal donors: comparison of four reconstruction methods. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 471477.
  • 71
    Sahani D, Mehta A, Blake M, Prasad S, Harris G, Saini S. Preoperative hepatic vascular evaluation with CT and MR angiography: implications for surgery. Radiographics 2004; 24: 13671380.
  • 72
    Sakai H, Okuda K, Yasunaga M, Kinoshita H, Aoyagi S. Reliability of hepatic artery configuration in 3D CT angiography compared with conventional angiography—special reference to living-related liver transplant donors. Transpl Int 2005; 18: 499505.
  • 73
    Dodd GD III, Miller WJ, Baron RL, Skolnick ML, Campbell WL. Detection of malignant tumors in end-stage cirrhotic livers: efficacy of sonography as a screening technique. Am J Roentgenol 1992; 159: 727733.
  • 74
    Crossin JD, Muradali D, Wilson SR. US of liver transplants: normal and abnormal. Radiographics 2003; 23: 10931114.
  • 75
    Chong WK. Ultrasound evaluation of liver transplants. Abdom Imaging 2004; 29: 180188.
  • 76
    Sidhu PS, Marshall MM, Ryan SM, Ellis SM. Clinical use of Levovist, an ultrasound contrast agent, in the imaging of liver transplantation: assessment of the pre- and post-transplant patient. Eur Radiol 2000; 10: 11141126.
  • 77
    Sidhu PS, Shaw AS, Ellis SM, Karani JB, Ryan SM. Microbubble ultrasound contrast in the assessment of hepatic artery patency following liver transplantation: role in reducing frequency of hepatic artery arteriography. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: 2130.
  • 78
    Berry JD, Sidhu PS. Microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound in liver transplantation. Eur Radiol 2004; 14( Suppl 8): P96P103.
  • 79
    Siegelman ES, Outwater EK. MR imaging techniques of the liver. Radiol Clin North Am 1998; 36: 263284.
  • 80
    Glockner JF, Forauer AR, Solomon H, Varma CR, Perman WH. Three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography of vascular complications after liver transplantation. Am J Roentgenol 2000; 174: 14471453.
  • 81
    Stafford-Johnson DB, Hamilton BH, Dong Q, Cho KJ, Turcotte JG, Fontana RJ, Prince MR. Vascular complications of liver transplantation: evaluation with gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology 1998; 207: 153160.
  • 82
    Hahn PF, Saini S. Liver-specific MR imaging contrast agents. Radiol Clin North Am 1998; 36: 287297.
  • 83
    Fulcher AS, Szucs RA, Bassignani MJ, Marcos A. Right lobe living donor liver transplantation: preoperative evaluation of the donor with MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176: 14831491.
  • 84
    Bassignani MJ, Fulcher AS, Szucs RA, Chong WK,. Prasad UR, Marcos A. Use of imaging for living donor liver transplantation. Radiographics 2001; 21: 3952.
  • 85
    Stafford-Johnson DB, Hamilton BH, Dong Q, Cho KJ, Turcotte JG, Fontana RJ, Prince MR. Vascular complications of liver transplantation: evaluation with gadolinium enhanced MR angiography. Radiology 1998; 207: 153160.
  • 86
    Kadir S. Atlas of normal and variant angiographic anatomy. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1991: 298.
  • 87
    Marcucci L, Shaked A, Maller ES, et al. Supraceliac aortic pseudoaneurysms after liver transplantation in infants. Transplantation 1999; 68: 16171619.
  • 88
    Figueras J, Pares D, Aranda H, et al. Results of using the recipient's splenic artery for arterial reconstruction in liver transplantation in 23 patients. Transplantation 1997; 64: 655658.
  • 89
    Nakatsuka T, Takushima A, Harihara Y, et al. Versatility of the inferior epigastric artery as an interpositional vascular graft in living-related liver transplantation. Transplantation 1999; 67: 14901492.
  • 90
    Todo S, Makowka L, Tzakis AG, et al. Hepatic artery in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1987; 19: 24062411.
  • 91
    Starzl TE, Halgrimson CG, Koep LJ, Weil R, Taylor PD. Vascular homografts from cadaveric organ donors. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1979; 149: 737.
  • 92
    Shaw BW Jr, Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE. Alternate methods of arterialization of the hepatic graft. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1984; 159: 490493.
  • 93
    Tzakis A, Todo S, Stieber A, Starzl TE. Venous jump grafts for liver transplantation in patients with portal vein thrombosis. Transplantation 1989; 48: 530531.
  • 94
    Krom RAF, Kingma LM, Haagsma EB, Wesenghagen H, Slooff MJH, Gips CH. Choledochocholedochostomy, a relatively safe procedure in orthotopic liver transplantation. Surgery 1985; 97: 552556.
  • 95
    Friend PJ. Overview: biliary reconstruction after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 1995; 3: 153155.
  • 96
    Van Ha TG. Liver biopsy in liver transplant recipients. Semin Interv Radiol 2004; 21: 271274.
  • 97
    Vautier G, Scott B, Jenkins D. Liver biopsy: blind or guided? BMJ 1994; 309: 14551456.
  • 98
    Pasha T, Gabriel S, Therneau T, Dickson ER, Lindor KD. Cost-effectiveness of ultrasound guided liver biopsy. Hepatology 1998; 27: 12201226.
  • 99
    Younossi ZM, Teran JC, Ganiats TG, Carey WD. Ultrasound- guided liver biopsy for parenchymal liver disease an economic analysis. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43: 4650.
  • 100
    Little AF, Zajko AB, Orons PD. Transjugular liver biopsy: a prospective study in 43 patients with the Quick-Core biopsy needle. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996; 7: 127131.
  • 101
    Kardache M, Soyer P, Boudiaf M, Cochand-Priollet B, Pelage JP, Rymer R. Transjugular liver biopsy with an automated device. Radiology 1997; 204: 369372.
  • 102
    Macedo G, Maia JC, Gomes A, Teixeira A, Ribeiro T. The role of transjugular liver biopsy in a liver transplant center. J Clin Gastroenterol 1999; 29: 155157.
  • 103
    Bruzzi JF, O'Connell MJ, Thakore H, O'Keane C, Crowe J, Murray JG. Transjugular liver biopsy: assessment of safety and efficacy of the Quick-Core biopsy needle. Abdom Imaging 2002; 27: 711715.
  • 104
    Blumhardt G, Ringe B, Lauchart W, Burdelski M, Bechstein WO, Pichlmayr R. Vascular problems in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1987; 9: 2412.
  • 105
    Langnas AN, Marujo W, Stratta RJ, Wood RP, Shaw BW Jr. Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Surg 1991; 161: 7683.
  • 106
    Letourneau JG, Castaneda-Zuniga WR. The role of radiology in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary complications after liver transplantation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1990; 13: 278282.
  • 107
    Marujo WC, Langnas AN, Wood RP, Stratta RJ, Li S, Shaw BW Jr. Vascular complications following orthotopic liver transplantation: outcome and the role of urgent revascularization. Transplant Proc 1991; 23: 14841486.
  • 108
    Wozney P, Zajko AB, Bron KB, Point S, Starzl TE. Vascular complications after liver transplantation: a 5-year experience. Am J Roentgenol 1986; 147: 657663.
  • 109
    Quiroga S, Sebastia MC, Margarit C, Castells L, Boye R, Alvarez-Castells A. Complications of orthotopic liver transplantation: spectrum of findings with helical CT. Radiographics 2001; 21: 10851102.
  • 110
    Brancatelli G, Katyal S, Federle MP, Fontes P. Three-dimensional multislice helical computed tomography with the volume rendering technique in the detection of vascular complications after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 73: 237242.
  • 111
    Esquivel CO, Koneru B, Karrer F, et al. Liver transplantation before 1 year of age. J Pediatr 1987; 110: 545548.
  • 112
    Lallier M, Dickens SV, Dubois J, et al. Vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30: 11221126.
  • 113
    Hesselink EJ, Klompmaker IJ, Pruim J, van Schilfgaarde R, Slooff MJ. Hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation: a fatal complication or an asymptomatic event. Transplant Proc 1989; 21: 2462.
  • 114
    Sarfati PO, Boillot O, Baudin F, et al. Acute hepatic thrombosis in pediatric liver transplantation: surgical thrombectomy and in situ fibrinolysis. Ann Chir 1992; 46: 605609.
  • 115
    Segel MC, Zajko AB, Bowen AD, et al. Hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation: radiologic evaluation. Am J Roentgenol 1986; 146: 137141.
  • 116
    Tzakis AG, Gordon RD, Shaw BW, Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE. Clinical presentation of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation in the cyclosporine era. Transplantation 1985; 40: 667671.
  • 117
    Rela M, Muiesan P, Bhatnagar V, et al. Hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation in children under 5 years of age. Transplantation 1996; 61: 13551357.
  • 118
    Ishigami K, Zhang Y, Rayhill S, Katz D, Stolpen A. Does variant hepatic artery anatomy in a liver transplant recipient increase the risk of hepatic artery complications after transplantation? Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 15771584.
  • 119
    Tzakis AG. The dearterialized liver graft. Semin Liver Dis 1985; 5: 375376.
  • 120
    Langnas AN, Marujo W, Stratta RJ, et al. Hepatic allograft rescue following arterial thrombosis: role of urgent revascularization. Transplantation 1991; 51: 8690.
  • 121
    Sheiner PA, Rathna Varma CVR, Guarrera JV, et al. Selective revascularization of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation improves patient and graft survival. Transplantation 1997; 64: 12951299.
  • 122
    Northover JMA, Terblanche J. A new look at the arterial supply of the bile duct in man and its surgical implications. Br J Surg 1979; 66: 379384.
  • 123
    Northover J, Terblanche J. Bile duct blood supply: its importance in human liver transplantation. Transplantation 1978; 26: 6769.
  • 124
    Orons PD, Sheng R, Zajko AB. Hepatic artery stenosis in liver transplant recipients: prevalence and cholangiographic appearance of associated biliary complications. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165: 11451149.
  • 125
    Zajko AB, Campbell WL, Logsdon GA, et al. Cholangiographic findings in hepatic artery occlusion after liver transplantation. Am J Roentgenol 1987; 149: 485489.
  • 126
    De Candia A, Como G, Tedeschi L, et al. Color Doppler sonography of hepatic artery reconstruction in liver transplantation. J Clin Ultrasound 2002; 30: 1217.
  • 127
    Garcia-Criado A, Gilabert R, Nicolau C, Real I, Arguis P, Bianchi L, et al. Early detection of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation by Doppler ultrasonography: prognostic implications. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: 5158.
  • 128
    Cook GJR, Crofton ME. Hepatic artery thrombosis and infarction: evolution of the ultrasound appearances in liver transplant recipients. Br J Radiol 1997; 70: 248251.
  • 129
    Nghiem HV, Tran K, Winter TC, et al. Imaging of complications in liver transplantation. Radiographics 1996; 16: 825840.
  • 130
    Flint EW, Sumkin JH, Zajko AB, Bowen A. Duplex sonography of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. Am J Roentgenol 1988; 151: 481483.
  • 131
    Dodd GD, Memel DS, Zajko AB, Baron RL, Santaguida LA. Hepatic artery stenosis and thrombosis in transplant recipients: Doppler diagnosis with resistive index and systolic acceleration time. Radiology 1994; 192: 657661.
  • 132
    Kaneko J, Sugawara Y, Akamatsu N, Kishi Y, Kokudo N, Makuuchi M. Implantable Doppler probe for continuous monitoring of blood flow after liver transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology 2005; 52: 194196.
  • 133
    Boyvat F, Aytekin C, Firat A, Harman A, Karakayali H, Haberal M. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of hepatic artery thrombosis and stenosis after orthotopic and heterotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2003; 35: 27912795.
  • 134
    Hidalgo EG, Abad J, Cantarero JM, et al. High dose intraarterial urokinase for the treatment of hepatic artery thrombosis in liver transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology 1989; 36: 529532.
  • 135
    Figueras J, Busquets J, Dominguez J, et al. Intra-arterial thrombolysis in the treatment of acute hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1995; 59: 13561357.
  • 136
    Loupatatzis C, Stoupis C, Seiler C, Candinas D, Do DD, Triller J. Use of a mechanical thrombectomy device to recanalize a subacutely occluded aortohepatic bypass after orthotopic liver transplantation. J Endovasc Ther 2005; 12: 401404.
  • 137
    Yilmaz S, Kirimlioglu V, Isik B, Yilmaz M, Kirimlioglu HS, Ara C, et al. Urgent revascularization of a liver allograft with a saphenous vein interposition graft between the hepatic artery and the recipient splenic artery after late hepatic artery thrombosis. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50: 11771180.
  • 138
    Vignali C, Bargellini I, Cioni R, Petruzzi P, Cicorelli A, Lazzereschi M, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic artery stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2004; 36: 27712773.
  • 139
    Bechstein WO, Blumhardt G, Ringe B, et al. Surgical complications in 200 consecutive liver transplants. Transplant Proc 1987; 19: 38303831.
  • 140
    Raby N, Karani J, Thomas S, O'Grady J, Williams R. Stenoses of vascular anastomoses after hepatic transplantation: Treatment with balloon angioplasty. Am J Roentgenol 1991; 157: 167171.
  • 141
    Toursarkissian B, Mejia A, Smilanich RP, Shireman PK, Sykes MT. Changing patterns of access site complications with the use of percutaneous closure devices. Vasc Surg 2001; 35: 203206.
  • 142
    Gonze MD, Sternbergh WC 3rd, Salartash K, Money SR. Complications associated with percutaneous closure devices. Am J Surg 1999; 178: 209211.
  • 143
    Sanborn TA, Gibbs HH, Brinker JA, Knopf WD, Kosinksi EJ, Roubin GS. A multicenter randomized trial comparing a percutaneous collagen hemostasis device with conventional manual compression after diagnostic angiography and angioplasty. J Invasive Cardiol 1999; 11( Suppl B): 6B13B.
  • 144
    Hong K, Liapi E, Georgiades CS, Geschwind JF. Case-controlled comparison of a percutaneous collagen arteriotomy closure device versus manual compression after liver chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16: 339345.
  • 145
    Gazzera C, Doriguzzi Breatta A, Veltri A, Righi D, Barbero S, Balderi A, et al. Femoral haemostosis with vasoseal ES: experience in 150 patients. Radiol Med (Torino) 2005; 109: 118124.
  • 146
    Hirsch JA, Reddy SA, Capasso WE, Linfante I. Non-invasive hemostatic closure devices: “patches and pads”. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 6: 9295.
  • 147
    Koreny M, Riedmuller E, Nikfardjam M, Siostrzonek P, Mullner M. Arterial puncture closing devices compared with standard manual compression after cardiac catheterization: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2004; 291: 350357.
  • 148
    Sheiner PA, Varma CV, Guarrera JV, Cooper J, Garatti M, Emre S, et al. Selective revascularization of hepatic artery thromboses after liver transplantation improves patient and graft survival. Transplantation 1997; 64: 12951299.
  • 149
    Abad J, Hidalgo EG, Cantarero JM, et al. Hepatic artery anastomotic stenosis after transplantation: treatment with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Radiology 1989; 171: 661662.
  • 150
    Castaneda F, So SK, Hunter DW, Castaneda-Zuniga WR, Amplatz K. Reversible hepatic transplant ischemia: case report and review of literature. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1990; 13: 8890.
  • 151
    Orons PD, Blessios GA, Zajko AB, Sammon JK, Mazeriegos G. Hepatic artery angioplasty after liver transplantation: long-term results in 42 patients. 83rd Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, Chicago, IL, November 30-December 5, 1997.
  • 152
    Orons PD, Zajko AB, Bron KM, Trecha GT, Selby RR, Fung JJ. Hepatic artery angioplasty after liver transplantation: experience in 21 allografts. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995; 6: 523529.
  • 153
    Propst A, Waldenberger P, Propst T, Vogel W, Konigsrainer A, Jaschke W. Spasms of the hepatic artery following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and tolazoline administration in a liver transplant patient. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1996; 19: 181183.
  • 154
    Narumi S, Osorio RW, Freise CE, Stock PG, Roberts JP, Ascher NL. Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm with hemobilia following angioplasty after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 1998; 12: 508510.
  • 155
    Sheng R, Orons PD, Ramos H, Zajko AB. Dissecting pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery: a delayed complication of angioplasty in a liver transplant. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1995; 18: 112114.
  • 156
    Bechstein WO, Blumhardt G, Ringe B, et al. Surgical complications in 200 consecutive liver transplants. Transplant Proc 1987; 19: 38303831.
  • 157
    Fichelle JM, Colacchio G, Castaing D, Bismuth H. Infected false hepatic artery aneurysm after orthotopic liver transplantation treated by resection and reno-hepatic vein graft. Ann Vasc Surg 1997; 11: 300303.
  • 158
    L'Hermine C, Ernst O, Delemazure O, Sergent G. Arterial complications of transhepatic biliary drainage. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1996; 19: 160164.
  • 159
    Karatzas T, Lykaki-Karatzas E, Webb M, et al. Vascular complications, treatment, and outcome following orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997; 29: 28532855.
  • 160
    Kim HJ, Kim KW, Kim AY, Kim TK, Byun JH, Won HJ, et al. Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms in adult living-donor liver transplantation: efficacy of CT and Doppler sonography. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184: 15491555.
  • 161
    Madariaga J, Tzakis A, Zajko AB, et al. Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm ligation after orthotopic liver transplantation: a report of 7 cases. Transplantation 1992; 54: 824828.
  • 162
    Bonham CA, Kapur S, Geller D, Fung JJ, Pinna A. Excision and immediate revascularization for hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm following liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1999; 31: 443.
  • 163
    Patel JV, Weston MJ, Kessel DO, Prasad R, Toogood GJ, Robertson I. Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after liver transplantation: treatment with percutaneous thrombin injection. Transplantation 2003; 75: 17551757.
  • 164
    Maleux G, Pirenne J, Aerts R, Nevens F. Case report: hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after liver transplantation: definitive treatment with a stent-graft after failed coil embolisation. Br J Radiol 2005; 78: 453456.
  • 165
    Muraoka N, Uematsu H, Kinoshita K, Takeda T, Morita N, Matsunami H, Itoh H. Covered coronary stent graft in the treatment of hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after liver transplantation. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 2005; 16(Pt 1): 300302.
  • 166
    Lerut J, Tzakis AG, Bron KM, et al. Complications of venous reconstruction in human orthotopic liver transplantation. Ann Surg 1987; 205: 404414.
  • 167
    Buell JF, Funaki B, Cronin DC, Yoshida A, Perlman MK, Lorenz J, et al. Long-term venous complications after full-size and segmental pediatric liver transplantation. Ann Surg 2002; 236: 658666.
  • 168
    Holbert BL, Campbell WL, Skolnick ML. Evaluation of the transplanted liver and the postoperative complications. Radiol Clin North Am 1995; 33: 521540.
  • 169
    Glanemann M, Settmacher U, Langrehr JM, Kling N, Hidajat N, Stange B, et al. Portal vein angioplasty using a transjugular, intrahepatic approach for treatment of extrahepatic portal vein stenosis after liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2001; 14: 4851.
  • 170
    Gonzalez-Tutor A, Abascal F, Cerezai L, Bustamante M. Transjugular approach to treat portal vein stenosis after liver transplantation—a case report. Angiology 2000; 51: 511514.
  • 171
    Zajko AB, Sheng R, Bron KM, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of venous anastomotic stenoses complicating liver transplantation: intermediate-term results. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994; 5: 121126.
  • 172
    Rollins NK, Sheffield EG, Andrews WS. Portal vein stenosis complicating liver transplantation in children: percutaneous transhepatic angioplasty. Radiology 1992; 182: 731734.
  • 173
    Godoy MA, Camunez F, Echenagusia A, et al. Percutaneous treatment of benign portal vein stenosis after liver transplantation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996; 7: 273276.
  • 174
    Funaki B, Rosenblum JD, Leef JA, Hackworth CA, Szymski GX, Alonso EM. Angioplasty treatment of portal vein stenosis in children with segmental liver transplants: mid term results. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 551554.
  • 175
    Funaki B, Rosenblum JD, Leef JA, Zaleski GX, Farrell T, Lorenz J, Brady L. Percutaneous treatment of portal venous stenosis in children and adolescents with segmental hepatic transplants: long-term results. Radiology 2000; 215: 147151.
  • 176
    McDaniel HM, Johnson M, Pescovitz MD, et al. Intraoperative placement of a Wallstent for portal vein stenosis and thrombosis after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1997; 63: 607608.
  • 177
    Haskal ZJ, Naji A. Treatment of portal vein thrombosis after liver transplantation with percutaneous thrombolysis and stent placement. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1993; 4: 789792.
  • 178
    Bilbao JI, Arias M, Herrero JI, et al. Percutaneous transhepatic treatment of posttransplant portal vein thrombosis and a preexisting spontaneous splenorenal shunt. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1995; 18: 323326.
  • 179
    Ciccarelli O, Goffette P, Laterre PF, Danse E, Wittebolle X, Lerut J. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt approach and local thrombolysis for treatment of early posttransplant portal vein thrombosis. Transplantation 2001; 72: 159161.
  • 180
    Hollingshead M, Burke CT, Mauro MA, Weeks SM, Dixon RG, Jaques PF. Transcatheter thrombolytic therapy for acute mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16: 651661.
  • 181
    Brouwers MAM, de Jong KP, Peeters PMJG, Bijleveld CMA, Klompmaker IJ, Slooff MJH. Inferior vena cava obstruction after orthotopic liver transplantation. Clin Transpl 1994; 8: 1922.
  • 182
    Orons PD, Zajko AB, Leschak SL, Sheng R. Venous complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996; 166( Suppl): 42.
  • 183
    Pfammatter T, Williams DM, Lane KL, Campbell DA Jr, Cho KJ. Suprahepatic caval anastamotic stenosis complicating orthotopic liver transplantation: treatment with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, wallstent placement, or both. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168: 477480.
  • 184
    Simo G, Echenagusia A, Camunez F, et al. Stenosis of the inferior vena cava after liver transplantation: treatment with Gianturco expandable metallic stents. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1995; 18: 212216.
  • 185
    Orons PD, Hari AK, Zajko AB, Marsh JW. Thrombolysis and stent placement for inferior vena caval thrombosis in a liver transplant recipient. Transplantation 1997; 64: 15.
  • 186
    Berger H, Hilbertz T, Zuhlke K, Forst H, Pratschke E. Balloon dilatation and stent placement of suprahepatic caval anastomotic stenosis following liver transplantation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 16: 384387.
  • 187
    Cheng YF, Chen CL, Huang TL, Chen TY, Chen YS, Wang CC, et al. Angioplasty treatment of hepatic vein stenosis in pediatric liver transplants: long-term results. Transpl Int 2005; 18: 556561.
  • 188
    Huang TL, Chen TY, Tsang LL, Sun PL, Chen YS, Wang CC, et al. Hepatic venous stenosis in partial liver graft transplantation detected by color Doppler ultrasound before and after radiological interventional management. Transplant Proc 2004; 36: 23422343.
  • 189
    Pretter PC, Orons PD, Zajko AB. The bile duct in liver transplantation. Semin Roentgenol 1997; 32: 202214.
  • 190
    Pascher A, Neuhaus P. Bile duct complications after liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2005; 18: 627642.
  • 191
    Linhares MM, Gonzalez AM, Goldman SM, Coelho RD, Sato NY, Moura RM, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiography in the diagnosis of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2004; 36: 947948.
  • 192
    Vallera RA, Cotton PB, Clavien PA. Biliary reconstruction for liver transplantation and management of biliary complications: overview and survey of current practices in the United States. Liver Transpl Surg 1995; 1: 143152.
  • 193
    Letourneau JG, Castaneda-Zuniga WR. The role of radiology in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary complications after liver transplantation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1990; 13: 278282.
  • 194
    Lerut J, Gordon RD, Iwatsuki S, et al. Biliary tract complications in human orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 1987; 43: 4751.
  • 195
    McDonald V, Matalon TAS, Patel SK, et al. Biliary strictures in hepatic transplantation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1991; 2: 533538.
  • 196
    Friend PJ. Overview: biliary reconstruction after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 1995; 1: 153155.
  • 197
    Thuluvath PJ, Atassi T, Lee J, An endoscopic approach to biliary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Int 2003; 23: 156162.
  • 198
    Orons PD, Sheng R, Zajko AB. Hepatic artery stenosis in liver transplant recipients: prevalence and cholangiographic appearance of associated biliary complications. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165: 11451149.
  • 199
    Zajko AB, Campbell WL, Logsdon GA, et al. Cholangiographic findings in hepatic artery occlusion after liver transplantation. Am J Roentgenol 1987; 149: 485489.
  • 200
    Vallera RA, Cotton PB, Clavien PA. Biliary reconstruction for liver transplantation and management of biliary complications: overview and survey of current practices in the United States. Liver Transpl Surg 1995; 1: 143152.
  • 201
    Pascher A, Neuhaus P. Bile duct complications after liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2005; 18: 627642.
  • 202
    Northover J, Terblanche J. Bile duct blood supply. Its importance in human liver transplantation. Transplantation 1978; 26: 6769.
  • 203
    Stapleton GN, Hickman R, Terblanche J. Blood supply of the right and left hepatic ducts. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 202207.
  • 204
    Kothari N, Patel AA, Shlansky-Goldbert RD. Interventional radiology: management of biliary complications of liver transplantation. Semin Intervent Radiol 2004; 21: 297305.
  • 205
    Righi D, Cesarani F, Muraro E, Gazzera C, Salizzoni M, Gandini G. Role of interventional radiology in the treatment of biliary strictures following orthotopic liver transplantation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2002; 25: 3035.
  • 206
    Rieber A, Brambs HJ, Lauchart W. The radiological management of biliary complications following liver transplantation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1996; 19: 242247.
  • 207
    Zemel G, Zajko AB, Skolnick ML, Bron KM, Campbell WL. The role of sonography and transhepatic cholangiography in the diagnosis of biliary complications after liver transplantation. Am J Roentgenol 1988; 151: 943946.
  • 208
    Valls C, Alba E, Cruz M, Figueras J, Andia E, Sanchez A, et al. Biliary complications after liver transplantation: diagnosis with MR cholangiopancreatography. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184: 812820.
  • 209
    Linhares MM, Gonzalez AM, Goldman SM, Coelho RD, Sato NY, Moura RM, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiography in the diagnosis of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2004; 36: 947948.
  • 210
    Bridges MD, May GR, Harnois DM, Diagnosing biliary complications of orthotopic liver transplantation with mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced MR cholangiography: comparison with conventional MR cholangiography. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182: 14971504.
  • 211
    Carrasco L, Sanchez-Bueno F, Sola J, et al. Effects of cold ischemia time on the graft after orthotopic liver transplantation: a bile cytological study. Transplantation 1996; 61: 393396.
  • 212
    Farges O, Kalil AN, Samuel D, et al. The use of ABO-incompatible grafts in liver transplantation: a life-saving procedure in highly selected patients. Transplantation 1995; 59: 11241133.
  • 213
    Sanchez-Urdazpal L, Sterioff S, Janes C, Schwerman L, Rosen C, Krom RAF. Increased bile duct complications in ABO incompatible liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 1991; 23: 14401441.
  • 214
    Herbener T, Zajko AB, Koneru B, Bron KM, Campbell WM. Recurrent cholangiocarcinoma in the biliary tree after transplantation. Radiology 1988; 169: 641642.
  • 215
    Sheng R, Zajko AB, Campbell WL, Abu Elmagd K. Biliary strictures in hepatic transplants: prevalence and types in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis versus those with other liver diseases. Am J Roentgenol 1993; 161: 297300.
  • 216
    Zajko AB, Sheng R, Zetti GM, Madariaga JR, Bron KM. Transhepatic balloon dilatation of biliary strictures in liver transplant patients: a 10 year experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995; 6: 7983.
  • 217
    Lorenz JM, Denison G, Funaki B, Leef JA, Van Ha T, Rosenblum JD. Balloon dilatation of biliary-enteric strictures in children. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184: 151155.
  • 218
    Schwarzenberg SJ, Sharp HL, Payne WD, Hunter DW, Bjarnason H, Humar A, et al. Biliary stricture in living-related donor liver transplantation: management with balloon dilation. Pediatr Transplant 2002; 6: 132135.
  • 219
    Saad WE, Saad NE, Davies MG, Lee DE, Patel NC, Sahler LG, et al. Transhepatic balloon dilation of anastomotic biliary strictures in liver transplant recipients: the significance of a patent hepatic artery. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16: 12211228.
  • 220
    Atar E, Bachar GN, Bartal G, Mor E, Neyman H, Graif F, Belenky A. Use of peripheral cutting balloon in the management of resistant benign ureteral and biliary strictures. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16(Pt 1): 241245.
  • 221
    Petersen B, Maxfield S, Ivancev K, Uchida B, Rabkin J, Rosch J. Biliary strictures in hepatic transplantation: treatment with self-expanding Z stents. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996; 7: 221228.
  • 222
    Bonnel D, Liguory C, Lefebvre J, Cornud F. Placement of metallic stents for treatment of postoperative biliary strictures: long-term outcome in 25 patients. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 15171522.
  • 223
    Culp WC, McCowan TC, Lieberman RP, Goertzen TC, LeVeen RF, Heffron TG. Biliary strictures in liver transplant recipients: treatment with metal stents. Radiology 1996; 199: 339346.
  • 224
    Petersen BD, Timmermans HA, Uchida BT, Rabkin JM, Keller FS. Treatment of refractory benign biliary stenoses in liver transplant patients by placement and retrieval of a temporary stent-graft: work in progress. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000; 11: 919929.
  • 225
    Sheng R, Ramirez CB, Zajko AB, Campbell WL. Biliary stones and sludge in liver transplant patients: a 13-year experience. Radiology 1996; 198: 243247.
  • 226
    Johnston TD, Gates R, Reddy KS, Nickl NJ, Ranjan D. Nonoperative management of bile leaks following liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2000; 14(Pt 2): 365369.
  • 227
    Sheng R, Sammon JK, Zajko AB, Campbell WL. Bile leak after hepatic transplantation: cholangiographic features, prevalence, and clinical outcome. Radiology 1994; 192: 413416.