Research Article

You have free access to this content

Brominated flame retardants in US food

  1. Arnold Schecter,
  2. T. Robert Harris1,
  3. Nirav Shah1,
  4. Alice Musumba1,
  5. Olaf Päpke2

Article first published online: 26 NOV 2007

DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700166

Issue

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research

Special Issue: Contaminants in Food – Brominated Flame Retardants

Volume 52, Issue 2, pages 266–272, February 2008

Additional Information

How to Cite

Schecter, A., Harris, T. R., Shah, N., Musumba, A. and Päpke, O. (2008), Brominated flame retardants in US food. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 52: 266–272. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700166

Author Information

  1. 1

    University of Texas School of Public Health at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. Fax: +1-214-648-1081

  2. 2

    Eurofins-ERGO, Hamburg, Germany

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 1 FEB 2008
  2. Article first published online: 26 NOV 2007
  3. Manuscript Revised: 24 JUL 2007
  4. Manuscript Received: 3 MAY 2007

SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

ARTICLE TOOLS

Get PDF (432K)

References

  • [1]
    Meironyté, D., Noren, K., Bergman, A., Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human milk. A time-related trend study, 1972–1997, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 1999, 58, 329–341.
  • [2]
    Norén, K., Meironyté, D., Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of the past 20–30 years, Chemosphere 2000, 40, 1111–1123.
  • [3]
    Birnbaum, L. S., Staskal, D. F., Brominated flame retardants: Cause for concern? Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112, 9–17.
  • [4]
    Päpke, O., Bathe, L., Bergman, Å., Fürst, P., et al., Determination of PBDEs in human milk from the United States-Comparison of results from three laboratories, Organohalogen Compd. 2001, 52, 197–200.
  • [5]
    Schecter, A., Pavuk, M. Päpke, O., Ryan, J. J., et al., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk, Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111, 1723–1729.
  • [6]
    Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Tung, K. C., Joseph, J., et al., Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the U.S. population: current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls, J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2005, 47, 199–211.
  • [7]
    Schroeter-Kermani, C., Hel, D., Hermann, T., Päpke, O., The German environmental specimen bank-application in trend monitoring of PBDEs in human blood, Organohalogen Compd. 2000, 47, 49–52.
  • [8]
    Ryan, J. J., Patry, B., Body burden and food exposure in Canada for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), Organohalogen Compd. 2001, 51, 226–229.
  • [9]
    Ryan, J. J., Patry, B., Mills, P., Nicole, G. B., Recent trends in levels of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) in human milks from Canada, Organohalogen Compd. 2002, 58, 173–176.
  • [10]
    Enviromental Working Group. Mothers' milk: Record levels of toxic fire retardants found in American mothers' breast milk, EWG. 2003, http://www.ewg.org/reports/mothersmilk/es.php, last accessed October 23, 2006.
  • [11]
    Mazdai, A., Dodder, N. G., Abernathy, M. P., Hites, R. A., Bigsby, R. M., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples, Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111, 1249–1252.
  • [12]
    Sjödin, A., Jones, R. S., Focant, J. F., Lapeza, C., et al., Retrospective time-trend study of polybrominated diphenyl ether and polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in human serum from the United States, Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112, 654–658.
  • [13]
    Wu, N., Webster, T., Hermann, T., Päpke, O., et al., Associations of PBDE levels in breast milk with diet and indoor dust concentrations, Organohalogen Compd. 2005, 67, 654–657.
  • [14]
    Wu, N., Herrmann, T., Päpke, O., Tickner, J., et al., Human exposure to PBDEs: Associations of PBDE body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 1584–1589.
  • [15]
    Petreas, M., She, J., Brown, F. R., Winkler, J., et al., High body burdens of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in California women, Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111, 1175–1179.
  • [16]
    Schecter, A., Gasiewicz, T. A., Dioxins and Health, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJ 2003.
  • [17]
    US EPA, (2004), Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds National Academy Sciences (NAS), Review draft, http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/dioxin/nas-review/, last accessed February 11, 2007.
  • [18]
    Schecter, A., Papke, O., Tung, K. C., Staskal, D., Birnbaum, L., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers contamination of United States food, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 5306–5311.
  • [19]
    Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Harris, T. R., Tung, K. C., et al., Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of US food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex, Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114, 1515–1520.
  • [20]
    Ohta, S., Ishizuka, D., Nishimura, H., Nakao, T., et al., Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nursing women in Japan, Chemosphere 2002, 46, 68–696.
  • [21]
    Bocio, A., Llobet, J. M., Domingo, J. L., Corbella, J., et al., Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Foodstuffs: Human Exposure through the Diet, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 3191–3195.
  • [22]
    Harrad, S., Wijesekera, R., Hunter, S., Halliwell, C., Baker, R., Preliminary assessment of UK human dietary and inhalation exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 2345–2350.
  • [23]
    Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Tung, K. C., Brown, T., Musumba, A., Changes in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in cooked food, Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 2006, 88, 207–211.
  • [24]
    Schecter, A., Dellarco, M., Papke, O., Olson, J., A comparison of dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar PCBs in uncooked and broiled ground beef, catfish and bacon, Chemosphere 1998, 37, 1723–1730.
  • [25]
    Schecter, A., Harris, T. R., Päpke, O., Tung, K. C., Musumba, A., Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in the blood of pure vegetarians (vegans), Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 2006, 88, 107–112.
  • [26]
    Schecter, A., Päpke, O., Comparison of blood dioxin, dibenzofuran and coplanar PCB levels in strict vegetarians (vegans) and the general United States population, Organohalogen Compd. 1998, 38, 179–182.
  • [27]
    Luksemburg, W., Wenning, R., Maier, M., Patterson, A., Braithwaite, S., Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD/F) and biphenyls (PCB) in fish, beef and fowl purchased in food markets in Northern California USA, Organohalogen Compd. 2004, 66, 3932–3937.
  • [28]
    Stapleton, H. M., Baker, J. E., Comparing polybrominated diphenyl ether and polychlorinated biphenyl bioaccumulation in a food web Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2003, 45, 227–234.
  • [29]
    Manchester-Neesvig, J. B., Valters, K., Sonzogni, W., Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Lake Michigan salmonids, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 1072–1077.
  • [30]
    Johnson, A., Olson, N., Analysis and occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Washington State freshwater fish, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2001, 41, 339–344.
  • [31]
    Brown, F. R., Winkler, J., Visita, P., Dhaliwal, J., Petreas, M., Levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs in edible fish from California coastal waters. Organohalogen Compd. 2003, 60–65.
  • [32]
    Hites, R. A., Foran, J. A., Schwager, S. J., Knuth, B. A., et al., Global assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in farmed and wild salmon, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 4945–4949.
  • [33]
    Huwe, J. K., Lorentzsen, M., Thuresson, K., Bergman, A., Analysis of mono- to deca-brominated diphenyl ethers in chickens at the part per billion level, Chemosphere 2002, 46, 635–640.
  • [34]
    Huwe, J. K., Larsen, G. L., Polychlorinated dioxins, furans, and biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a U.S. meat market basket and estimates of dietary intake, Environ Sci Technol. 2005, 39, 5606–5611.
  • [35]
    Ryan, J. J., Wainman, B. C., Schecter, A., Moisey, J., et al., Trends of the brominated flame retardants in human milks from North America, Organohalogen Compd. 2006, 68, 778–781.
  • [36]
    Schecter, A., Johnson-Welch, S., Tung, K. C., Harris, T. R., et al., Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in livers of US human fetuses and newborns. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 2006, 70, 1–6.
  • [37]
    Schecter, A., Shan, N., Harris, T. R., Musumba, A., et al., Estimates of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) intake from food, dust and air in the US general population, (submitted).
  • [38]
    Stapleton, H. M., Letcher, R. J., Baker, J. E., Debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners BDE 99 and BDE 183 in the intestinal tract of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 1054–1061.
Get PDF (432K)