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Full Paper
Cardiorespiratory-resolved magnetic resonance imaging: Measuring respiratory modulation of cardiac function†
Article first published online: 20 OCT 2006
DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21075
Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Additional Information
How to Cite
Thompson, R. B. and McVeigh, E. R. (2006), Cardiorespiratory-resolved magnetic resonance imaging: Measuring respiratory modulation of cardiac function. Magn Reson Med, 56: 1301–1310. doi: 10.1002/mrm.21075
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Publication History
- Issue published online: 16 NOV 2006
- Article first published online: 20 OCT 2006
- Manuscript Accepted: 7 AUG 2006
- Manuscript Revised: 6 JUN 2006
- Manuscript Received: 2 FEB 2006
- Abstract
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Keywords:
- MRI;
- breathing;
- respiration;
- phase contrast;
- SSFP;
- radial
Abstract
A technique for cardiac- and respiratory-resolved MRI is described. A retrospectively gated-segmented acquisition scheme similar to that used in conventional cine cardiac imaging was used to collect image data that spanned both the cardiac and respiratory cycles. Raw k-space data were regridded in a cardiorespiratory phase space to allow image reconstruction at target cardiac and respiratory phases. The approach can be applied with various k-space trajectories and pulse sequences, and was implemented in this study with both a Cartesian steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequence and a radial phase-contrast (PC) pulse sequence. Free-breathing short-axis SSFP images of the heart were reconstructed at multiple respiratory and cardiac phases to illustrate separation of cardiac and respiratory motion without artifacts. A respiratory-resolved radial PC experiment was used to quantify the volumetric flow rates in the inferior vena cava (IVC), pulmonary artery (PA), and aorta (Ao) in five free-breathing normal volunteers and a positive-pressure ventilated dog. Total flow (ml/min) in each vessel was quantified as a function of respiratory phase (peak/minimum output = 1.85 ± 0.29 (IVC), 1.36 ± 0.15 (PA), 1.24 ± 0.09 (Ao)). Peak flow occurred during inspiration for the IVC and PA, and during expiration for the Ao, and there was a complete pattern reversal for the positive-pressure ventilated dog. Magn Reson Med, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.