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The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system – a technical review

  1. Christian Beaulieu*

Article first published online: 5 DEC 2002

DOI: 10.1002/nbm.782

Issue

NMR in Biomedicine

NMR in Biomedicine

Special Issue: Diffusion tensor imaging and axonal mapping - state of the art

Volume 15, Issue 7-8, pages 435–455, November - December 2002

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How to Cite

Beaulieu, C. (2002), The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system – a technical review. NMR Biomed., 15: 435–455. doi: 10.1002/nbm.782

Author Information

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

*Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1098 Research Transition Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2V2

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 5 DEC 2002
  2. Article first published online: 5 DEC 2002
  3. Manuscript Accepted: 16 OCT 2001
  4. Manuscript Revised: 12 OCT 2001
  5. Manuscript Received: 5 JUN 2001

Funded by

  • Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research

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Keywords:

  • diffusion;
  • anisotropy;
  • nerve;
  • white matter;
  • spinal cord;
  • water;
  • MRI;
  • DTI

Abstract

  1. Top of page
  2. Abstract
  3. REFERENCES

Anisotropic water diffusion in neural fibres such as nerve, white matter in spinal cord, or white matter in brain forms the basis for the utilization of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to track fibre pathways. The fact that water diffusion is sensitive to the underlying tissue microstructure provides a unique method of assessing the orientation and integrity of these neural fibres, which may be useful in assessing a number of neurological disorders. The purpose of this review is to characterize the relationship of nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of water diffusion and its anisotropy (i.e. directional dependence) with the underlying microstructure of neural fibres. The emphasis of the review will be on model neurological systems both in vitro and in vivo. A systematic discussion of the possible sources of anisotropy and their evaluation will be presented followed by an overview of various studies of restricted diffusion and compartmentation as they relate to anisotropy. Pertinent pathological models, developmental studies and theoretical analyses provide further insight into the basis of anisotropic diffusion and its potential utility in the nervous system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

REFERENCES

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Abbreviations used:
ADC

apparent diffusion coefficient

b

gradient factor

D

diffusion coefficient

DTI

diffusion-tensor imaging

DWI

diffusion-weighted imaging

EAE

experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

G

strength of diffusion gradients

PGSE

pulsed-gradient spin-echo

RMS

root mean square displacement

SNR

signal-to-noise ratio

T2

transverse relaxation time

tdif

diffusion time

TE

spin-echo time

∥

parallel to the fibre's long axis

⟂

perpendicular to the fibre's long axis

δ

length of diffusion gradient

Δ

onset separation of diffusion gradients

λ

principal eigenvalues

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