Research Article
You have free access to this content
Photovoltaic Degradation Rates—an Analytical Review
Article first published online: 13 OCT 2011
DOI: 10.1002/pip.1182
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Issue

Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications
Volume 21, Issue 1, pages 12–29, January 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Jordan, D. C. and Kurtz, S. R. (2013), Photovoltaic Degradation Rates—an Analytical Review. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl., 21: 12–29. doi: 10.1002/pip.1182
Publication History
- Issue published online: 22 DEC 2012
- Article first published online: 13 OCT 2011
- Manuscript Accepted: 11 AUG 2011
- Manuscript Revised: 10 AUG 2011
- Manuscript Received: 11 MAY 2011
Funded by
- U.S. Department of Energy. Grant Number: DE-AC36-08-GO28308
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
REFERENCES
- 1, , . A manual for the economic evaluation of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, Report NREL/TP-462-5173, March 1995.
- 2. Methods for analysis of outdoor performance data. NREL PV Module Reliability Workshop, Golden CO, USA, February 2011. http://www.nrel.gov/pv/pvmrw.html
- 3, . Statistical Methods for Reliability Data. John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1998. ISBN: 0-471-14328-6.
- 4, , . A new silicon p–n junction photocell for converting solar radiation into electric power. Journal of Applied Physics 1954; 25: 676–677.
- 5. Silicon photovoltaic modules: a brief history of the first 50 years. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Application 2005; 13: 447–455. DOI: 10.1002/pip.612
- 6. The first forty years: a brief history of the modern photovoltaic. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Application 1993; 1: 67–78. DOI: 10.1002/pip.4670010109Direct Link:
- 7. Solar energy used for production applications. Oil and Gas Journal 1978; 76: 80–90.
- 8. From Space to Earth. Aatec Publications: Ann Arbor, MI, 1999. ISBN: 10: 9780937948149.
- 9, , . FSA Field Test Annual Report August 1980–August 1981, Report DOE/JPL-1012-59, December 1981.
- 10, . Flat-Plate Solar Array Project Final Report, Report DOE/JPL-1012-125, October 1986.
- 11, . Department of Energy, 1977–1994: a summary history, United States. Department of Energy, November 1994.
- 12, , The Block program approach to photovoltaic module development. Proceedings of the 18th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 1985; 1150–1158.
- 13, . History of accelerated and qualification testing of terrestrial photovoltaic modules: a literature review. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Application 2009; 17: 11–33. DOI: 10.1002/pip.861
- 14International Electrotechnical Commission. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61215. Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic modules—design qualification and type approval, 2nd edn, 2005.
- 15, . Field test of photovoltaic power systems. Proceedings of the 1st European PV Solar Energy Conference, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 1977; 790–800.
- 16. Endurance testing of first generation (Block I) commercial solar cell modules. Proceedings of the 13th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Washington, DC, USA, 1978; 843–846.
- 17, . Performance and reliability of photovoltaic modules at various MIT LL test sites. Proceedings of the 14th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 1980; 1284–1289.
- 18. Field testing and evaluation of PV module performance. Proceedings of the 13th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Washington, DC, USA, 1978; 41–46.
- 19, , . Analysis of a 60 kW PV power plant after the first year of operation. Proceedings of the 3rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Cannes, France 1980; 505–512.
- 20, , , , . Decline of the Carrisa Plains PV power plant: the impact of concentrating sunlight on flat plates. Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 1991; 586–592. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1991.169280
- 21, , . Carrisa Plains PV power plant performance, Proceedings of the 21st IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Kissimmee, FL, USA, 1990; 844–849. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1990.111740
- 22, . Field test results for the 6 MW Carrizo solar photovoltaic power plant. Solar Cells 1991; 30: 563–571.
- 23, . Reliability of EVA modules. Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Louisville, KY, USA, 1993; 1090–1094. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1993.346972
- 24. 1989–1990 PVUSA Progress Report, Report DOE/AL/45807-T14. DOI: 10.2172/10163193
- 25, , , , , , , , , , . PVUSA—the first decade of experience. Proceedings of the 25th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Washington DC, 1996; 1513–1516. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1996.564424
- 26, , , . PVUSA: lessons learned from startup and early operation. Proceedings of the 21st IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Kissimmee, FL, USA, 1990; 937–943. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1990.111757
- 27. PV module performance at PG&E. Proceedings of the 20th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Las Vegas, NV, 1988; 1225–1229.
- 28. PG&E research, development, demonstration, and future options for photovoltaic technology: an overview. Proceedings of the 4th International PV Science and Engineering Conference, Sydney, Australia, 1989; 189–195.
- 29, . PV module performance outdoors at PG&E. Proceedings of the 21st IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Kissimmee, FL, USA, 1990; 1023–1029. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1990.111773
- 30. Emerging photovoltaic module technologies at PVUSA: a five-year assessment, PG&E R&D Report 007.5-94.10, Department of Energy Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC04-92AL82993, April 1995.
- 31, , . A ten year review of performance of photovoltaic systems. Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Louisville, KY, USA, 1993; 1289–1291. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1993.346934
- 32, , , , . Long-term performance and reliability of crystalline silicon PV modules. Proceedings of the 25th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Washington, DC, 1996; 1279–1282.
- 33, , . Outdoor performance and stability testing of thin film devices. Solar Cells 1987; 21: 343–351.
- 34, , . Comparative short term/long term field test performance and stability of tandem and single junction a-Si modules. Proceedings of the 21st IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Kissimmee, FL, USA, 1990; 1057–1061. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1990.111779
- 35, . Performance of a 4 kW amorphous-silicon alloy photovoltaic array at Oakland Community College, Auburn Hills, Michigan. Proceedings of the 20th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 1988; 1272–1277. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1988.105909
- 36. Two year performance evaluations of a 4 kW amorphous-silicon PV system in Michigan. Solar Cells 1990; 28: 163–176.
- 37. Three year performance and reliability of a 4 kW amorphous-silicon PV system in Michigan. Solar Cells 1991; 30: 535–547.
- 38, . Technical evaluation of four amorphous silicon systems at NREL. Proceedings of the 26th PV Specialists Conference, Anaheim, CA, 1997; 1357–1360. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1997.654342
- 39, , . Photovoltaic system technology—a European handbook. HS Stephens & Associates: Bedford, England, 1992. ISBN: 0-9510271-9-0.
- 40. PV system measurements and monitoring—the European experience. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1997; 47: 167–176.
- 41JRC Ispra—A 50 Year Pictorial History, Report JRC49907, April 2009. ISBN: 978-92-79-09696-9. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=2820&dt_code=HLN&obj_id=327&lang=en.
- 42, , . Photovoltaic demonstration projects 2. Proceedings of the 3rd Contractor Meeting, Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General for Energy. Elsevier Science: London and New York, 1989. ISBN: 1-85166-379-7.
- 43Guidelines for PV System Monitoring (Issue 3). CEC, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, November 1987.
- 44, , . Recent results from the CEC PV demonstration programme. Proceedings of the 9th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Freiburg, Germany, 1989; 911–916.
- 45, , , . 30 kW photovoltaic plant in the alps of Austria. Proceedings of the 10th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 1991; 766–770.
- 46, , , , , . Eureka Project EU 333 Alpsolar. Proceedings of the 12th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1994; 854–858.
- 47, . Highest grid connected PV plant in the world at Jungfraujoch (3545 m): excellent performance in the first two years of operation. Proceedings of the 13th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Nice, France, 1995; 969–972.
- 48, . Grid Connected PV Plant Jungfraujoch (3454 m) in the Swiss Alps: Results of more than four Years of trouble-free Operation. Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on PV Solar Energy Conversion, Vienna, Austria, 1998; 1–4.
- 49, , . EVA laminate browning after 5 years in a grid-connected, mirror-assisted, photovoltaic system in the Negev desert: effect on module efficiency. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1995; 36: 421–432.
- 50, , , , , . Long term operational experience at Vulcano PV plant. Proceedings of the 13th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Nice, France, 1995; 351–355.
- 51. Photovoltaics in Finland. Proceedings of the 14th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 1997; 1145–1147.
- 52, . Langzeitverhalten von netzgekoppelten Photovoltaikanlagen, Final report, BFE-Project Nr. DIS 19490/59074, November 1999.
- 53, , , , , , . Three years of operation and experience of the 1 MW photovoltaic plant. Proceedings of the 14th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 1997; 705–708.
- 54, , . A field evaluation of power efficiency degradation on amorphous PV modules. Proceedings of the 4th International PV Science and Engineering Conference, Sydney, Australia, 1989; 777–782.
- 55, , , , , , . Outdoor performance of triple stacked a-Si photovoltaic module in various geographical locations and climates. Proceedings of the 25th PV Specialists Conference, Washington, D.C., USA, 1996; 1227–1230. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.1996.564353
- 56, , , , , . Outdoor performance of amorphous silicon and polycrystalline silicon PV modules. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1997; 46: 209–218.
- 57, , , . Outdoor exposure tests of photovoltaic modules in Japan and overseas. Renewable Energy 1998; 14: 95–100.
- 58, , . Secular degradation of crystalline photovoltaic modules. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1997; 47: 149–153.
- 59, . An assessment of photovoltaic power in the Telstra network. Solar '95—Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Solar Energy Society, Hobart, Australia, 1995; 493–500.
- 60, . Long term evaluation of new technology photovoltaic modules. Proceedings of the 9th International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference, Miyazaki, Japan, 1996.
- 61, . Analysis of long-term performance and reliability of PV systems, IEA-PVPS Task 2 Report, September 2003.
- 62, , , . Assumptions and the levelized cost of energy for photovoltaics. Energy & Environmental Science 2011. DOI: 10.1039/c0ee00698j
- 63. Long term photovoltaic module reliability, NCPV and Solar Program Review Meeting, Denver, CO, USA, NREL/CD-520-33586, 2003; 179–183.
- 64International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC Standard 61724. Photovoltaic system performance monitoring—guidelines for measurement, data exchange, and analysis, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998.
- 65. Modelling inaccuracies of PV energy yield simulations. Proceedings of the 33rd PV Specialists Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 2008; 1–5. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2008.4922864
- 66. A review of kWh/kWp measurements, analysis and modelling. Proceedings of the 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 2008; 2795–2800.
- 67, , , . Degradation measurements of aged PV modules. Proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milan, Italy, 2007; 2590–2592.
- 68, , , , , . Power and energy production of PV modules statistical considerations of 10 years of activity. Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, 2003; 1919–1922.
- 69, . Characterisation of PV modules of new generations, results of tests and simulations, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN), Report code: ECN-C-00-067, June 2000.
- 70, , , , , . Comparison of degradation rates of individual modules held at maximum power. Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, HI, 2006: 2085–2088. DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279914
- 71, , , , , . An overview of SMUD's outdoor photovoltaic test program at Arizona State University. Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 2006; 2214–2216. DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279948
- 72, , , , , , , , , , , . Performance parameters for grid-connected PV systems. Proceedings of the 31st PV Specialists Conference, Lake Buena, FL, USA, 2005; 1601–1606. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488451
- 73, , , . Long-term performance and reliability assessment of 8 PV arrays at Sandia National Laboratories. Proceedings of the 34th PV Specialists Conference, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2009; 1486–1491. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2009.5411336
- 74, . Photovoltaic module reliability model based on field degradation studies. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Application 2008; 16: 419–433. DOI: 10.1002/pip.825
- 75, , . Long-term performance degradation of various kinds of photovoltaic modules under moderate climatic conditions. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Application 2011; 19: 170–179. DOI: 10.1002/pip.1005
- 76. Qualitätsmerkmale photovoltaischer Module. Proceedings of the 6th Symposium Photovoltaïque National, Geneva, Switzerland, November 2005.
- 77, . Degrationsmessungen, Solarenergieförderverein Bayern e.V., München, 2005. IBB-SOLAR, http://www.sev-bayern.de/index.php?entryid=14
- 78, , , , , . Outdoor performance evaluation of grid-connected PV technologies in Cyprus. Journal of Energy & Power Engineering 2010; 4: 52–57.
- 79, , , , . Degradation of different photovoltaic technologies under field conditions. Proceedings of the 35th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA, 2010; 2332–2337. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2010.5614439
- 80, private communication.
- 81, , , , . Outdoor PV degradation comparison. Proceedings of the 35th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA, 2010; 2694–2697. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2010.5616925
- 82, . Analytical improvements in PV degradation rate determination. Proceedings of the 35th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA, 2010; 2688–2693. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2010.5617074
- 83, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . Improved test method to verify the power rating of a photovoltaic (PV) project. Proceedings of the 34th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2009; 316–321. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2009.5411670
- 84, , , . Outlier identification in outdoor measurement data—effects of different strategies on the performance descriptors of photovoltaic modules. Proceedings of the 34th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2009; 828–833. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2009.5411160
- 85, , , . Effects of different data collection strategies on outdoor performance measurements and degradation. Proceedings of the 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2009; 3439–3445. DOI: 10.4229/24thEUPVSEC2009-4AV.3.45
- 86, , , , , . Measuring degradation rates without irradiance data. Proceedings of the 35th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA, 2010; 1271–1276. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2010.5614208
- 87, . A comparison of the performance of different PV module types in temperate climates. Solar Energy 2004; 76: 285–294. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2003.07.026
- 88. In situ monitoring of outdoor degradation with Variable Illumination Measurements, European Photovoltaic Industry Association, IP Performance Final Forum, Malaga, Spain, December 2009.
- 89, , , , , , . Direct performance comparison of PV modules. Proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milan, Italy, 2007; 2758–2762.
- 90, , , , , . Investigation of Aging Phenomenon and Power Drop Rate with Field Exposed PV Modules. Proceedings of the 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 2010; 4015–4018. DOI: 10.4229/25thEUPVSEC2010-4AV.3.17
- 91, , , . Observed performance degradation over five years for a-Si and crystalline PV systems in California. Proceedings of the 38th American Solar Energy Society Annual Solar Conference, Buffalo, NY, USA, 2009.
- 92, , , , , , , . Diagnostic analysis of silicon photovoltaic modules after 20-year field exposure. Proceedings of the 28th PV Specialists Conference, Anchorage, AK, USA, 2000; 1420–1423. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2000.916159
- 93, , , , . Comparison of PV module performance before and after 11-years of field exposure. Proceedings of the 29th PV Specialists Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2002; 1432–1435. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190878
- 94, , , . Degradation analysis of weathered crystalline-silicon PV modules. Proceedings of the 29th PV Specialists Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2002; 1392–1395. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190869
- 95, , , , . Degradation factor analysis of crystalline-Si PV modules through long-term field exposure test. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, 2003; 1948–1951.
- 96, . Field test results on the stability of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules manufactured in the 1990s. Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, 2003; 1888–1891.
- 97, , , . Field test results on the stability of 2400 photovoltaic modules manufactured in 1990s. Proceedings of the 29th PV Specialists Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2002; 1687–1690. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190944
- 98, , , , . Photovoltaic module performance and durability following long-term field exposure. Progress in Photovoltaics : Research and Application 2000; 8: 241–256.
- 99, , , . Long term reliability of PV modules. Proceedings of the 20th European PV Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 2005; 1942–1948.
- 100, Performance losses and reliability of photovoltaic modules, International PV Reliability Workshop, Tempe, AZ, USA, July 2009, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/international_reliability_2009_workshop.html
- 101, , . 20 years of life and more: where is the end of life of a PV module? Proceedings of the 31st IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Orlando, FL, USA, 2005; 1593–1596. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488449
- 102, . The performance of crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar modules after 22 years of continuous outdoor exposure. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Application 2006; 14: 53–64. DOI: 10.1002/pip.627
- 103, , . The results of performance measurements of field-aged crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Application 2009; 17: 227–240. DOI: 10.1002/pip.874
- 104, , , . Electrical performance results from long-term outdoor weathered modules. Proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milan, Italy, 2007; 2458–2466.
- 105. Failure modes and degradation rates from field-aged crystalline silicon modules. NREL PV Module Reliability Workshop, Golden, CO, USA, February 2011. http://www.nrel.gov/pv/pvmrw.html
- 106, , , , . Analysis of degradation mechanisms of crystalline silicon PV modules after 12 years of operation in Southern Europe. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Application 2011; DOI: 10.1002/pip.1083
- 107, , . Efficiency degradation of c-Si PV modules after 22-year continuous field exposure. Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on PV Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, 2003; 2105–2108.
- 108, , . Modeling of array performance degradation including single-module failure. Proceedings of the 31st IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Orlando, FL, USA, 2005; 1702–1705. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488476
- 109, , . Long term performance degradation of c-silicon photovoltaic modules in continuous field exposure. Proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milan, Italy, 2007; 2571–2572.
- 110, , . Long-term performance degradation of c-Si photovoltaic modules and strings. Proceedings of the 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 2010; 4023–4026. DOI: 10.4229/25thEUPVSEC2010-4AV.3.19
- 111. Mean time before failure of photovoltaic modules, Federal Office for Education and Science, Final report BBW 99.0579, June 2003.
- 112, , , , , , . Study of a 20 year old PV plant (MTBF project). Proceedings of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, 2001; 447–450.
- 113, . Performance of old PV modules: measurement of 25 years old crystalline silicon modules, Elforsk Rapport 06:71, October 2006.
- 114. Decades in the installed environment: do silicon modules really last more than 20 years? NREL PV Module Reliability Workshop, Golden, CO, USA, February 2010, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_module_reliability_workshop_2010.html.
- 115, , . Performance of thirty years stand alone photovoltaic system. Proceedings of the 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2009; 3995–3998. DOI: 10.4229/24thEUPVSEC2009-5DO.7.6
- 116, , , , , . An evaluation of 27+ years old photovoltaic modules operated in a hot-desert climatic condition. Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 2006; 2145–2147. DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279929
- 117, , , , , . PV reliability (cluster II): results of a German four-year joint project—part II, results of three years module weathering in four different climates. Proceedings of the 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 2010; 4339–4343. DOI: 10.4229/25thEUPVSEC2010-4AV.3.110
- 118, , . Performance monitoring of the Nunavut Arctic College PV systems: 9 years of reliable electricity generation, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Report CETC Number 2004-114, August 2004.
- 119, . Long-term performance of the SERF PV systems. Proceedings of the NCPV and Solar Programme Review Meeting, Denver, 24–26 March 2003; 199–201. NREL/CD-520-33586.
- 120, , , , . A degradation analysis of PV power plants. Proceedings of the 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 2010; 5032–5037. DOI: 10.4229/25thEUPVSEC2010-5BV.4.26
- 121, , , . Measuring degradation of photovoltaic module performance in the field. Proceedings of the 38th American Solar Energy Society Annual Solar Conference, Buffalo, NY, USA, 2009.
- 122, , , , . Comparative study of the long-term performance and reliability of three different photovoltaic systems installed in Florida, NREL PV Module Reliability Workshop, Golden, CO, USA, February 2010, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_module_reliability_workshop_2010.html.
- 123, , , , . Performance and reliability of modules with anti-reflective coated glass. Proceedings of the 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 2010; 4103–4106. DOI: 10.4229/25thEUPVSEC2010-4AV.3.44
- 124, , , , , . Toledo PV plant 1MWp—10 years of operation. Proceedings of the 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 2005; 2454–2457.
- 125. Vulcano 80 kW photovoltaic plant technology assessment: more than 20 years of performance evaluation and experience. Proceedings of the 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Dresden, Germany, 2006; 2798–2801.
- 126, , , . Long term performance analysis of PV module in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Proceedings of the 35th IEEE PV Specialists Conference, Honolulu, HI, USA, 2010; 2656–2659. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2010.5617116
- 127, , , , , , . Performance analysis of field exposed single crystalline silicon modules. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 2010; 94; 1463–1468. DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.03.035
- 128, , . Analysis of the degradation of 735 commercial crystalline silicon modules after first operation year. Proceedings of the 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 2010; 4019–4022. DOI: 10.4229/25thEUPVSEC2010-4AV.3.18
- 129, , , . Evaluation of degradation and thermografic analysis of PV modules with 19 years of use in Amazon forest. Proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milan, Italy, 2007; 2750–2753.
- 130, . Grid-connected photovoltaic systems: the Brazilian experience and the performance of an installation. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Application 2001; 9: 341–347. DOI: 10.1002/pip.384Direct Link:
- 131, . Performance of c-Si solar cells after 25 years of operation. Proceedings of the 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 2008; 3554–3557.
- 132, , , , . Field experience with large-scale implementation of domestic PV systems and with large PV systems on buildings in Japan. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Application 2004; 12: 449–459. DOI: 10.1002/pip.564
- 133, , , , . Performance results and analysis of 3 kW grid-connected PV systems. Renewable Energy 2007; 32: 1858–1872.
- 134, , , . Performance evaluation and analysis of 50 kW grid-connected PV system. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Power Electronics, Daegu, South Korea, 2007; 528–530.
- 135, . Performance of a 350 kW photovoltaic concentrator field. Proceedings of the 11th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Montreux, Switzerland, 1992; 134–1342.
- 136. Evaluation of solar energy research and its applications in Saudi Arabia—20 years of experience. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2001; 5: 59–77.
- 137, , . Performance analysis of a grid connected photovoltaic park on the island of Crete. Energy Conversion and Management 2009; 50: 433–438. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2008.12.009
- 138, , , , , . Performance test of amorphous silicon modules in different climates: higher minimum operating temperatures lead to higher performance levels. Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on PV Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, 2003; 2011–2014.
- 139, , , , , . Performance test of amorphous silicon modules in different climates—year two: higher minimum operating temperatures lead to higher performance levels. Proceedings of the 19th European PV Solar Energy Conference, Paris, France, 2004; 1617–1620.
- 140, , , , , . Performance test of amorphous silicon modules in different climates—year three: higher minimum operating temperatures lead to higher performance levels. Proceedings of the 31st PV Specialists Conference, Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, 2005; 1635–1638. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488459
- 141, , , , . Investigation of annealing and degradation effects on a-Si PV modules in real operating conditions. Proceedings of the 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2009; 3596–3599. DOI: 10.4229/24thEUPVSEC2009-4AV.3.92
- 142, , . Photovoltaic module reliability studies at the Florida Solar Energy Center. Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS) 2010; 306–311. DOI: 10.1109/IRPS.2010.5488813
- 143, , . PV module reliability and durability studies at the FSEC PV Materials Lab, NREL PV Module Reliability Workshop, Golden, CO, USA, February 2010, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_module_reliability_workshop_2010.html.
- 144, , , , , , , , , , , . Performance of amorphous silicon double junction photovoltaic systems in different climatic zones. Proceedings of the 29th PV Specialists Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2002; 1699–1702. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190947
- 145, . Performance and reliability of a 1-kW amorphous silicon photovoltaic roofing system. Proceedings of the 31st PV Specialists Conference, Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, 2005; 1627–1630. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488457
- 146, , . Performance evaluation of a 1.5-kW a-Si PV array using the PVUSA power rating method at NREL's outdoor test facility, 2005 DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program Review Meeting, Denver, CO, USA, NREL/CP-520-38971, November 2005.
- 147, . Small PV systems performance evaluation at NREL's outdoor test facility using the PVUSA power rating method, 2005 DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program Review Meeting, Denver, CO, USA, NREL/CP-520-39135, November 2005.
- 148, , , . Performance analysis of large scale, amorphous silicon, photovoltaic power systems. Proceedings of the 31st PV Specialists Conference, Lake Buena, FL, USA, 2005; 1615–1618. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488454
- 149, . Effects of module performance and long-term degradation on economics and energy payback: case study of two different photovoltaic technologies. Proceedings of Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), San Diego, CA, USA, 2009; 7412. DOI: 10.1117/12.830097
- 150. Overview of amorphous silicon (a-Si) photovoltaic installations at SMUD. Proceedings of the 32nd American Solar Energy Society Annual Solar Conference, Austin, TX, USA, 2003
- 151. Long term field performance of amorphous silicon (a-Si) laminates in large scale photovoltaic deployments. Proceedings of the 38th American Solar Energy Society Annual Solar Conference, Buffalo, NY, USA, 2009.
- 152, , , . Ageing effect on the performance of a-Si photovoltaic modules in a grid connected system: experimental data and simulation results. Proceedings of the 28th PV Specialists Conference, Anchorage, AK, USA, 2000; 1587–1590. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2000.916201
- 153, , , , , , Thin film modules: long term operational experience in Mediterranean climate. Proceedings of the 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 2008; 3422–3425. DOI: 10.4229/23rdEUPVSEC2008-5BV.2.21
- 154, , . Analysis of the performance of grid connected photovoltaic system. Proceedings of the 34th IEEE PV Specialist Conference, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2009; 48–51. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2009.5411757
- 155, , . Performance of thin film PV technologies—Fraunhofer ISE experience form field and laboratory measurements. 6th International Thin Film Conference, Würzburg, Germany, February 2010.
- 156, . Newtech—3 different thin film PV plants of 1kWp under direct long-term comparison (2002−2009). Proceedings of the 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 2010; 4756–4762. DOI: 10.4229/25thEUPVSEC2010-4BV.1.108
- 157. Assessment of PV plant performance in Italy. Proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milan, Italy, 2007; 2884–2888.
- 158, , , , . High performance ratios of a double-junction a-Si BIPV grid-connected installation after five years of continuous operation in Brazil. Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on PV Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, 2003; 2169–2172.
- 159, , , , . Performance of the first grid-connected, BIPV installation in Brazil over eight years of continuous operation. Proceedings of the 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Dresden, Germany, 2006; 2761–2764.
- 160, . Degradation analysis of thin film photovoltaic modules. Physica B: Condensed Matter 2009; 404: 4449–4451. DOI: 10.1016/j.physb.2009.09.011
- 161, . A comparison of degradation in three amorphous silicon PV module technologies. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2010; 94: 617–622. DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2009.12.009
- 162, , , . Field performance measurements of amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules in Kenya. Proceedings of the 29th American Solar Energy Society, Madison, WI, USA, 2000.
- 163, . Process R&D for CIS-based thin-film PV, Subcontract Report, NREL/SR-520-38805, January 2006.
- 164, , , , . Stability of CIS/CIGS modules at the outdoor test facility over two decades. Proceedings of the 33rd PV Specialists Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 2008; 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2008.4922772
- 165, . Analysis of the operational behavior and long-term performance of a CIS PV system. Proceedings of the 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, 2010; 3942–3946. DOI: 10.4229/25thEUPVSEC2010-4DO.11.4
- 166, . Thin-film reliability trends toward improved stability. Proceedings of the 37th PV Specialists Conference, Seattle, WA, USA, 2011.
- 167, , , . Performance summary for the first solar CdTe 1-kW system, NREL/CP-520-30942, Lakewood, CO, USA, October 2001.
- 168, , , . Improvement in reliability and energy yield prediction of thin-film CdS/CdTe PV modules. Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, HI, 2006; 2148–2151. DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279930
- 169, , , , , . Field testing of CdTe PV modules in Mexico. Proceedings of the 35th American Solar Energy Society Annual Solar Conference, Denver, CO, USA, 2006.

1099-159X/asset/PIP_left.gif?v=1&s=237fc67d9f00cb0f9862fc6352b5070eecb27057)