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Original Article
A molecular analysis of prokaryotic and viral DNA sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer indicates the presence of multiple and diverse microorganisms
Article first published online: 28 DEC 2007
DOI: 10.1002/pros.20680
Copyright © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
1097-0045/asset/cover.gif?v=1&s=fe259d14a459bffcaa3c96b2bb2e11e09b2530d0 "The Prostate")
Additional Information
How to Cite
Sfanos, K. S., Sauvageot, J., Fedor, H. L., Dick, J. D., De Marzo, A. M. and Isaacs, W. B. (2008), A molecular analysis of prokaryotic and viral DNA sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer indicates the presence of multiple and diverse microorganisms. Prostate, 68: 306–320. doi: 10.1002/pros.20680
Publication History
- Issue published online: 11 JAN 2008
- Article first published online: 28 DEC 2007
- Manuscript Accepted: 21 SEP 2007
- Manuscript Received: 14 AUG 2007
- Abstract
- References
- Cited By
Keywords:
- prostate infection;
- 16S rDNA;
- inflammation;
- radical retropubic prostatectomy
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Inflammation, both acute and chronic, is a common feature of prostate histology. While inflammation has been proposed to play an important role in both benign and malignant growth of the prostate, the stimuli for this inflammation remain poorly characterized. Infectious pathogens are potential stimuli for prostatic inflammation.
METHODS
Universal eubacterial PCR was used to test 170 prostate tissue core samples from 30 cancer patients for 16S rDNA gene sequences. Positive PCR products (n = 64, 37%) were cloned and sequenced. For comparison, tissue samples from 30 patients were cultured using standard clinical microbiological techniques. DNA samples from 200 additional patients were tested by organism-specific PCR for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Propionibacterium acnes, Trichomonas vaginalis, BK virus, Epstein–Barr virus, human cytomegalovirus, human papillomavirus, and xenotropic murine leukemia-related virus.
RESULTS
16S sequencing results indicated the presence of 83 distinct microorganisms. Microbiological culture isolated markedly fewer species. In general, organism-specific PCR failed to detect multiple organisms previously reported as common in the prostate. There was no significant association between the presence of particular species of bacteria and histologic evidence of acute or chronic inflammation.
CONCLUSIONS
Most prostates from men undergoing prostatectomy (87%) contain bacterial DNA from one or more species. However, the majority of individual tissue core samples were negative, suggesting regional heterogeneity in the presence of bacteria and a lack of a generalized or ubiquitous prostatic flora. Culture results suggest either the “unculturable” nature of species present in the prostate or that 16S rDNA sequences were derived from non-viable bacteria. Prostate 68: 306–320, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.