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Regenerative Medicine
FM19G11 Favors Spinal Cord Injury Regeneration and Stem Cell Self-Renewal by Mitochondrial Uncoupling and Glucose Metabolism Induction†‡§
Article first published online: 20 SEP 2012
DOI: 10.1002/stem.1189
Copyright © 2012 AlphaMed Press
Additional Information
How to Cite
Rodríguez-Jiménez, F. J., Alastrue-Agudo, A., Erceg, S., Stojkovic, M. and Moreno-Manzano, V. (2012), FM19G11 Favors Spinal Cord Injury Regeneration and Stem Cell Self-Renewal by Mitochondrial Uncoupling and Glucose Metabolism Induction. STEM CELLS, 30: 2221–2233. doi: 10.1002/stem.1189
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Author contributions: F.J.R.J., M.S, and V.M.M: Conceived and designed the experiments; V.M.M and M.S.: Financial support to perform the work; F.J.R.J., A.A.A, S.E., and V.M.M: Performed the experiments; F.J.R.J. and V.M.M., Wrote the paper and conceived and designed the experiments.
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Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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First published online in STEM CELLSEXPRESS August 3, 2012.
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Publication History
- Issue published online: 20 SEP 2012
- Article first published online: 20 SEP 2012
- Accepted manuscript online: 3 AUG 2012 02:24PM EST
- Manuscript Accepted: 22 JUN 2012
- Manuscript Received: 19 APR 2012
Keywords:
- Spinal cord regeneration;
- Glucose metabolism;
- Ependymal stem cells;
- Pharmacology
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a major cause of paralysis with no currently effective therapies. Induction of self-renewal and proliferation of endogenous regenerative machinery with noninvasive and nontoxic therapies could constitute a real hope and an alternative to cell transplantation for spinal cord injury patients. We previously showed that FM19G11 promotes differentiation of adult spinal cord-derived ependymal stem cells under hypoxia. Interestingly, FM19G11 induces self-renewal of these ependymal stem cells grown under normoxia. The analysis of the mechanism of action revealed an early increment of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 and 2 with an early drop of ATP, followed by a subsequent compensatory recovery with activated mitochondrial metabolism and the induction of glucose uptake by upregulation of the glucose transporter GLUT-4. Here we show that phosphorylation of AKT and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is involved in FM19G11-dependent activation of GLUT-4, glucose influx, and consequently in stem cell self-renewal. Small interfering RNA of uncoupling protein 1/2, GLUT-4 and pharmacological inhibitors of AKT, mTOR and AMPK signaling blocked the FM19G11-dependent induction of the self-renewal-related markers Sox2, Oct4, and Notch1. Importantly, FM19G11-treated animals showed accelerated locomotor recovery. In vivo intrathecal sustained administration of FM19G11 in rats after spinal cord injury showed more neurofilament TUJ1-positive fibers crossing the injured area surrounded by an increase of neural precursor Vimentin-positive cells. Overall, FM19G11 exerts an important influence on the self-renewal of ependymal stem progenitor cells with a plausible neuroprotective role, providing functional benefits for spinal cord injury treatment. STEM Cells2012;30:2221–2233