Ph: +49 176 23506833; Fax: +49 221 478 6965
Concise Reviews:Embryonic Stem Cells/Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Concise Review: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Lineage Reprogramming: Prospects for Bone Regeneration†‡§
Article first published online: 5 APR 2011
DOI: 10.1002/stem.611
Copyright © 2011 AlphaMed Press
Additional Information
How to Cite
Illich, D. J., Demir, N., Stojković, M., Scheer, M., Rothamel, D., Neugebauer, J., Hescheler, J. and Zöller, J. E. (2011), Concise Review: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Lineage Reprogramming: Prospects for Bone Regeneration. STEM CELLS, 29: 555–563. doi: 10.1002/stem.611
- †
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
- ‡
Author contributions: D.J.I.: conception and design, collection and/or assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing; N.D.: collection and/or assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing; M. Stojković: data analysis and interpretation, final approval of manuscript; M.S., D.R., and J.H.: data analysis and interpretation; J.N.: administrative support; J.E.Z.: final approval of manuscript.
- §
First published online in STEM CELLSEXPRESS February 4, 2011.
- ¶
Ph: +49 176 23506833; Fax: +49 221 478 6965
Publication History
- Issue published online: 5 APR 2011
- Article first published online: 5 APR 2011
- Accepted manuscript online: 4 FEB 2011 10:39AM EST
- Manuscript Accepted: 18 JAN 2011
- Manuscript Received: 26 AUG 2010
References
- 1, . Secondary alveolar bone grafting: The dilemma of donor site selection and morbidity. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 46: 665–670.
- 2, , et al. Growth and transplantation of a custom vascularised bone graft in a man. Lancet 2004; 364: 766–770.
- 3, , et al. Repair of large bone defects with the use of autologous bone marrow stromal cells. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 385–386.
- 4, , et al. Transplantability and therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. Nat Med 1999; 5: 309–313.
- 5, , et al. Marrow cell transplantation for infantile hypophosphatasia. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18: 624–636.
- 6, , . Aging of mesenchymal stem cells. Ageing Res Rev 2006; 5: 91–116.
- 7. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 7634–7638.
- 8, , et al. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 1998; 282: 1145–1147.
- 9, . Nuclear reprogramming in cells. Science 2008; 322: 1811–1815.
- 10, , et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 2007; 131: 861–872.
- 11, . Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 2006; 126: 663–676.
- 12, , et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science 2007; 318: 1917–1920.
- 13, , et al. Dopaminergic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells survive and integrate into 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19: 1017–1023.
- 14, , et al. Generation of insulin-secreting islet-like clusters from human skin fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 31601–31607.
- 15, , et al. Functional cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Circ Res 2009; 104: e30–e41.
- 16, , et al. Derivation of a human blastocyst after heterologous nuclear transfer to donated oocytes. Reprod Biomed Online 2005; 11: 226–231.
- 17, , et al. Direct cell reprogramming is a stochastic process amenable to acceleration. Nature 2009; 462: 595–601.
- 18. Elite and stochastic models for induced pluripotent stem cell generation. Nature 2009; 460: 49–52.
- 19, , et al. A combined chemical and genetic approach for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 2: 525–528.
- 20, , et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compounds. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26: 795–797.
- 21, , et al. Generation of rat and human induced pluripotent stem cells by combining genetic reprogramming and chemical inhibitors. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 4: 16–19.
- 22, , et al. A chemical platform for improved induction of human iPSCs. Nat Methods 2009; 6: 805–808.
- 23, , et al. Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells in the absence of exogenous Sox2. Stem Cells 2009; 27: 2992–3000.
- 24, , et al. Wnt signaling promotes reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 3: 132–135.
- 25, , et al. A small-molecule inhibitor of tgf-Beta signaling replaces sox2 in reprogramming by inducing nanog. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 5: 491–503.
- 26, , et al. Induced pluripotent stem cells generated without viral integration. Science 2008; 322: 945–949.
- 27, , et al. Generation of mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells by transient expression of a single nonviral polycistronic vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 8918–8922.
- 28, , et al. Virus-free induction of pluripotency and subsequent excision of reprogramming factors. Nature 2009; 458: 771–775.
- 29, , et al. piggyBac transposition reprograms fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2009; 458: 766–770.
- 30, , et al. Human induced pluripotent stem cells free of vector and transgene sequences. Science 2009; 324: 797–801.
- 31, , et al. Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by direct delivery of reprogramming proteins. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 4: 472–476.
- 32, , et al. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells using recombinant proteins. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 4: 381–384.
- 33, . Induced pluripotent stem cells: Opportunities as research and development tools in 21st century drug discovery. Regen Med 2010; 5: 557–568.
- 34. Stem cells and drug discovery: The beginning of a new era? Cell 2008; 132: 549–552.
- 35, , et al. Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell 2008; 134: 877–886.
- 36, , et al. Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from patients with ALS can be differentiated into motor neurons. Science 2008; 321: 1218–1221.
- 37, , et al. Modelling pathogenesis and treatment of familial dysautonomia using patient-specific iPSCs. Nature 2009; 461: 402–406.
- 38, , et al. Treatment of sickle cell anemia mouse model with iPS cells generated from autologous skin. Science 2007; 318: 1920–1923.
- 39, , et al. Disease-corrected haematopoietic progenitors from Fanconi anaemia induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2009; 460: 53–59.
- 40, , et al. Neurons derived from reprogrammed fibroblasts functionally integrate into the fetal brain and improve symptoms of rats with Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 5856–5861.
- 41, , et al. Phenotypic correction of murine hemophilia A using an iPS cell-based therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 808–813.
- 42, , . Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblasts. Cell 1987; 51: 987–1000.
- 43, , et al. MyoD converts primary dermal fibroblasts, chondroblasts, smooth muscle, and retinal pigmented epithelial cells into striated mononucleated myoblasts and multinucleated myotubes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 7988–7992.
- 44, , et al. Effect of cell history on response to helix-loop-helix family of myogenic regulators. Nature 1990; 344: 454–458.
- 45, , . Conversion of mature B cells into T cells by dedifferentiation to uncommitted progenitors. Nature 2007; 449: 473–477.
- 46, , et al. Stepwise reprogramming of B cells into macrophages. Cell 2004; 117: 663–676.
- 47, , et al. PU. 1 and C/EBPalpha/beta convert fibroblasts into macrophage-like cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 6057–6062.
- 48, . Oligodendrocyte precursor cells reprogrammed to become multipotential CNS stem cells. Science 2000; 289: 1754–1757.
- 49, , et al. Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors. Nature 2010; 463: 1035–1041.
- 50, . Directed transdifferentiation of mouse mesoderm to heart tissue by defined factors. Nature 2009; 459: 708–711.
- 51, , et al. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by defined factors. Cell 2010; 142: 375–386.
- 52, , et al. Auditory hair cell replacement and hearing improvement by Atoh1 gene therapy in deaf mammals. Nat Med 2005; 11: 271–276.
- 53, , et al. Math1 gene transfer generates new cochlear hair cells in mature guinea pigs in vivo. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 4395–4400.
- 54, . Overexpression of Math1 induces robust production of extra hair cells in postnatal rat inner ears. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3: 580–586.
- 55, , et al. In vivo reprogramming of adult pancreatic exocrine cells to beta-cells. Nature 2008; 455: 627–632.
- 56, , et al. Isolated allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells engraft and stimulate growth in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: Implications for cell therapy of bone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 8932–8937.
- 57, , et al. Mesenchymal stem cells for bone repair and metabolic bone diseases. Mayo Clin Proc 2009; 84: 893–902.
- 58, , et al. Autologous stem cells (adipose) and fibrin glue used to treat widespread traumatic calvarial defects: Case report. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2004; 32: 370–373.
- 59, , et al. Stem cells associated with macroporous bioceramics for long bone repair: 6- to 7-year outcome of a pilot clinical study. Tissue Eng 2007; 13: 947–955.
- 60, , . In vitro osteogenic differentiation of human ES cells. Cloning Stem Cells 2003; 5: 149–155.
- 61, , . Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells in response to specific growth factors. Bone 2005; 36: 758–769.
- 62, , et al. Compactin enhances osteogenesis in murine embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 284: 478–484.
- 63, , . In vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells into mineralized osteoblasts. Differentiation 2003; 71: 18–27.
- 64, , et al. In vitro differentiation and in vivo mineralization of osteogenic cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Tissue Eng 2004; 10: 1518–1525.
- 65, , et al. Gene profiling on mixed embryonic stem cell populations reveals a biphasic role for beta-catenin in osteogenic differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21: 674–685.
- 66, , et al. Primary bone-derived cells induce osteogenic differentiation without exogenous factors in human embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 340: 403–408.
- 67, , et al. An autologous cell lysate extract from human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derived osteoblasts can enhance osteogenesis of hESC. Tissue Cell 2008; 40: 219–228.
- 68, , et al. Differentiation of osteoblasts from mouse embryonic stem cells without generation of embryoid body. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2007; 43: 21–24.
- 69, , . Monolayer cultivation of osteoprogenitors shortens duration of the embryonic stem cell test while reliably predicting developmental osteotoxicity. Toxicology 2010.
- 70, , et al. Cultivation of human embryonic stem cells without the embryoid body step enhances osteogenesis in vitro. Stem Cells 2006; 24: 835–843.
- 71, , et al. Efficient adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells by adenoviral transduction. Stem Cells 2009; 27: 1802–1811.
- 72, , et al. Resveratrol promotes osteogenic differentiation and protects against dexamethasone damage in murine induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19: 247–258.
- 73, , . Derivation of murine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and assessment of their differentiation toward osteogenic lineage. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109: 643–652.
- 74, , et al. Functional mesenchymal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells attenuate limb ischemia in mice. Circulation 2010; 121: 1113–1123.
- 75, , et al. Osteoblasts derived from induced pluripotent stem cells form calcified structures in scaffolds both in vitro and in vitro. Stem Cells. 10.1002/stem.566.
- 76, , et al. In vivo bone formation from human embryonic stem cell-derived osteogenic cells in poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds. Biomaterials 2008; 29: 1043–1053.
- 77, , et al. Bone tissue formation from human embryonic stem cells in vivo. Cloning Stem Cells 2008; 10: 119–132.
- 78, , et al. Phenotypic characterization, osteoblastic differentiation, and bone regeneration capacity of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18: 955–968.
- 79, , . In vivo bone formation by progeny of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010.
- 80, , et al. Application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in periodontal tissue regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226: 150–157.
- 81, , et al. Three-dimensional measurement of wedged scoliotic vertebrae and intervertebral disks. Eur Spine J 1998; 7: 59–65.
- 82, , . Osteogenesis in transplants of bone marrow cells. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1966; 16: 381–390.
- 83, , . Developmental potential and dynamic behavior of hematopoietic stem cells. Cell 1986; 45: 917–927.
- 84, . Stromal stem cells: Marrow-derived osteogenic precursors. Ciba Found Symp 1988; 136: 42–60.
- 85, , et al. Cells from bone marrow that evolve into oral tissues and their clinical applications. Oral Dis 2007; 13: 11–16.
- 86, , et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 1999; 284: 143–147.
- 87, , et al. Concise review: Embryonic stem cells: A new tool to study osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Stem Cells 2007; 25: 544–552.
- 88, , et al. Reprogramming efficiency following somatic cell nuclear transfer is influenced by the differentiation and methylation state of the donor nucleus. Stem Cells 2006; 24: 2007–2013.
- 89, , et al. Direct reprogramming of terminally differentiated mature B lymphocytes to pluripotency. Cell 2008; 133: 250–264.
- 90, , et al. Roles of bone morphogenetic protein type I receptors and Smad proteins in osteoblast and chondroblast differentiation. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10: 3801–3813.
- 91, , et al. Pitx2 prevents osteoblastic transdifferentiation of myoblasts by bone morphogenetic proteins. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 565–571.
- 92, , et al. Runx2 is a common target of transforming growth factor beta1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2, and cooperation between Runx2 and Smad5 induces osteoblast-specific gene expression in the pluripotent mesenchymal precursor cell line C2C12. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20: 8783–8792.
- 93, , et al. SOCS-2 interferes with myotube formation and potentiates osteoblast differentiation through upregulation of JunB in C2C12 cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 207: 428–436.
- 94, , et al. Ectopic expression of delta FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B mediates transdifferentiation of adipose-like spheroids into osteo-like microtissues. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14: 1377–1394.
- 95, , . Osteoblastic cells: Differentiation and trans-differentiation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 473: 183–187.
- 96, , et al. Plasticity in adipogenesis and osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 271: 1–17.
- 97, , et al. Dynamics of gene expression during bone matrix formation in osteogenic cultures derived from human embryonic stem cells in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1790: 110–118.
- 98, , et al. Bone matrix formation in osteogenic cultures derived from human embryonic stem cells in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 16: 39–52.
- 99, , et al. MSX2 promotes osteogenesis and suppresses adipogenic differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitors. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 45969–45977.
- 100. Regulation of osteoblast differentiation by transcription factors. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99: 1233–1239.
- 101, , et al. A BMP-inducible gene, dlx5, regulates osteoblast differentiation and mesoderm induction. Dev Biol 1999; 208: 123–133.
- 102, , et al. The novel zinc finger-containing transcription factor osterix is required for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Cell 2002; 108: 17–29.
- 103, , et al. Progression of calvarial bone development requires Foxc1 regulation of Msx2 and Alx4. Dev Biol 2003; 262: 75–87.
- 104. The developmental control of osteoblast-specific gene expression: Role of specific transcription factors and the extracellular matrix environment. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1999; 10: 40–57.
- 105, , . Regulation of gene expression in osteoblasts. Biofactors 2010; 36: 25–32.
- 106. Regulation of bone development and maintenance by Runx2. Front Biosci 2008; 13: 898–903.
- 107, , et al. Targeted disruption of Cbfa1 results in a complete lack of bone formation owing to maturational arrest of osteoblasts. Cell 1997; 89: 755–764.
- 108, , et al. Strategies for directing the differentiation of stem cells into the osteogenic lineage in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19: 1379–1394.
- 109, , et al. Subcutaneous adipocytes can differentiate into bone-forming cells in vitro and in vivo. Tissue Eng 2004; 10: 381–391.
- 110, , et al. Human trabecular bone cells are able to express both osteoblastic and adipocytic phenotype: Implications for osteopenic disorders. J Bone Miner Res 1998; 13: 371–382.
- 111, , et al. Changes in trabecular bone, hematopoiesis and bone marrow vessels in aplastic anemia, primary osteoporosis, and old age: A comparative histomorphometric study. Bone 1987; 8: 157–164.
- 112, , et al. Adipocyte tissue volume in bone marrow is increased with aging and in patients with osteoporosis. Biogerontology 2001; 2: 165–171.
- 113, , et al. Inhibition of osteoblast differentiation but not adipocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by sera obtained from aged females. Bone 2006; 39: 181–188.
- 114, , et al. Telomerase accelerates osteogenesis of bone marrow stromal stem cells by upregulation of CBFA1, osterix, and osteocalcin. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18: 716–722.
- 115, , et al. Telomerase expression extends the proliferative life-span and maintains the osteogenic potential of human bone marrow stromal cells. Nat Biotechnol 2002; 20: 592–596.
- 116, , et al. Increased adipogenesis and myelopoiesis in the bone marrow of SAMP6, a murine model of defective osteoblastogenesis and low turnover osteopenia. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12: 1772–1779.
- 117, , et al. Discovery of a proneurogenic, neuroprotective chemical. Cell 2010; 142: 39–51.
- 118, , et al. Chromatin-remodeling components of the BAF complex facilitate reprogramming. Cell 2010; 141: 943–955.
- 119, , et al. Reduced differentiation efficiency of murine embryonic stem cells in stirred suspension bioreactors. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19: 989–998.
- 120, , et al. Dedifferentiation of lineage-committed cells by a small molecule. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126: 410–411.

1549-4918/asset/olbannerleft.jpg?v=1&s=699114e871887e6b838f6a1c657fe256cfe127a6)
1549-4918/asset/olbannerright.gif?v=1&s=603f8f2ab5cd9d4f783c231915608956af51aeea)
