Climate and Dynamics

Climate forcings in Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations

  1. J. Hansen1,
  2. M. Sato1,2,
  3. L. Nazarenko1,2,
  4. R. Ruedy1,3,
  5. A. Lacis1,
  6. D. Koch1,4,
  7. I. Tegen5,
  8. T. Hall1,6,
  9. D. Shindell1,
  10. B. Santer7,
  11. P. Stone8,
  12. T. Novakov9,
  13. L. Thomason10,
  14. R. Wang11,
  15. Y. Wang12,
  16. D. Jacob13,
  17. S. Hollandsworth14,
  18. L. Bishop15,
  19. J. Logan13,
  20. A. Thompson14,
  21. R. Stolarski14,
  22. J. Lean16,
  23. R. Willson2,
  24. S. Levitus17,
  25. J. Antonov17,
  26. N. Rayner18,
  27. D. Parker18,
  28. J. Christy19

Article first published online: 20 SEP 2002

DOI: 10.1029/2001JD001143

Issue

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012)

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012)

Volume 107, Issue D18, pages ACL 2-1–ACL 2-37, 27 September 2002

Additional Information

How to Cite

Hansen, J., et al., Climate forcings in Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D18), 4347, doi:10.1029/2001JD001143, 2002.

Author Information

  1. 1

    NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA

  2. 2

    Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

  3. 3

    SGT Incorporated, New York, New York, USA

  4. 4

    Department of Geology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

  5. 5

    Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany

  6. 6

    Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

  7. 7

    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA

  8. 8

    Center for Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

  9. 9

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA

  10. 10

    NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA

  11. 11

    School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

  12. 12

    Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

  13. 13

    Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

  14. 14

    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA

  15. 15

    Honeywell International, Buffalo, New York, USA

  16. 16

    E. O. Hulbert Center for Space Research, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C., USA

  17. 17

    National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

  18. 18

    Meteorological Office Hadley Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, U.K.

  19. 19

    Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama, USA

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 20 SEP 2002
  2. Article first published online: 20 SEP 2002
  3. Manuscript Accepted: 27 NOV 2001
  4. Manuscript Revised: 14 NOV 2001
  5. Manuscript Received: 24 JUL 2001

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Keywords:

  • climate forcings;
  • climate models;
  • greenhouse gases;
  • aerosols;
  • solar irradiance;
  • ozone

[1] We define the radiative forcings used in climate simulations with the SI2000 version of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) global climate model. These include temporal variations of well-mixed greenhouse gases, stratospheric aerosols, solar irradiance, ozone, stratospheric water vapor, and tropospheric aerosols. Our illustrations focus on the period 1951–2050, but we make the full data sets available for those forcings for which we have earlier data. We illustrate the global response to these forcings for the SI2000 model with specified sea surface temperature and with a simple Q-flux ocean, thus helping to characterize the efficacy of each forcing. The model yields good agreement with observed global temperature change and heat storage in the ocean. This agreement does not yield an improved assessment of climate sensitivity or a confirmation of the net climate forcing because of possible compensations with opposite changes of these quantities. Nevertheless, the results imply that observed global temperature change during the past 50 years is primarily a response to radiative forcings. It is also inferred that the planet is now out of radiation balance by 0.5 to 1 W/m2 and that additional global warming of about 0.5°C is already “in the pipeline.”

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