Representative elementary volume estimation for porosity, moisture saturation, and air-water interfacial areas in unsaturated porous media: Data quality implications

[1] Achieving a representative elementary volume (REV) has become a de facto criterion for demonstrating the quality of CT measurements in porous media systems. However, the data quality implications of an REV requirement have not been previously examined. In this work, deterministic REVs for porosity, moisture saturation (S_W), and air-water interfacial area (A_I) were estimated using a set of 49 CT images of eight unsaturated homogeneous porous media with heterogeneity in moisture distributions present in varying degrees. Estimated porosity REVs were <8 mm³ for all cases, smaller than typical CT image sizes (∼100 mm³). Estimated S_W and A_I REVs were <55 mm³ for cases with homogeneous moisture distributions but could not be estimated for cases with heterogeneous moisture distributions, due to the absence of a distinct “REV plateau” within the maximum imaged volume. Conventionally, S_W and A_I data from such non-REV cases would be excluded. The implications of excluding data on the basis of REV were examined by comparing A_I-S_W data measured on image windows of increasing size against the expected linear A_I-S_W relationship. At measurement scales exceeding porosity REV, random fluctuations in A_I-S_W data were excluded, even for cases containing heterogeneous moisture distributions. In contrast, requiring measurement scales to exceed S_W and A_I REV appeared overly restrictive and resulted in visible loss of reliable A_I-S_W data. We attribute these findings to overestimation of REVs due to inherently problematic estimation of deterministic REVs in real systems. Implications of these findings for ensuring CT data quality and the efficient use of CT data are discussed.