You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article

Red deer management and vegetation on the Isle of Rum

  1. R. Virtanen1,*,
  2. G. R. Edwards2,
  3. M. J. Crawley3

Article first published online: 5 AUG 2002

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00734.x

Issue

Journal of Applied Ecology

Journal of Applied Ecology

Volume 39, Issue 4, pages 572–583, August 2002

Additional Information

How to Cite

Virtanen, R., Edwards, G. R. and Crawley, M. J. (2002), Red deer management and vegetation on the Isle of Rum. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39: 572–583. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00734.x

Author Information

  1. 1

    Department of Biology, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland;

  2. 2

    Animal Sciences Section, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College at Wye, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK; and

  3. 3

    Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY, UK

* R. Virtanen, Department of Biology, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland (fax + 358 8 553 1061; e-mail rvirtane@cc.oulu.fi).

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 5 AUG 2002
  2. Article first published online: 5 AUG 2002
  3. Received 19 February 2001; final copy received 16 March 2002

SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

ARTICLE TOOLS

View Full Article with Supporting Information (HTML) Get PDF (888K)

References

  • Bakker, J.P. & Berendse, F. (1999) Constraints in the restoration of ecological diversity in grassland and heathland communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14, 63–68.
  • Ball, M.E. (1974) Floristic changes on grasslands and heaths on the Isle of Rhum after a reduction of exclusion of grazing. Journal of Environmental Management, 2, 299–318.
  • Ball, M.E. (1987) Botany, woodland and forestry. Rhum: The Natural History of an Island (eds T.H.Clutton-Brock & M.E.Ball), pp. 43–62. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK.
  • Ball, J.P., Danell, K. & Sunesson, P. (2000) Response of a herbivore community to increased food quality and quantity: an experiment with nitrogen fertilizer in the boreal forest. Journal of Applied Ecology, 37, 247–255.
    Direct Link:
  • Blockeel, T.L. & Long, D.G. (1998) A Check-List and Census Catalogue of British and Irish Bryophytes. British Bryological Society, Cardiff, UK.
  • Booth, T.C. (1984) Natural regeneration in the native pinewoods of Scotland: a review of principles and practice. Scottish Forestry, 38, 33–42.
  • Boyd, I.L. (1981) Population changes and the distribution of a herd of feral goats (Capra sp.) on Rhum, Inner Hebrides, 1960–1978. Journal of Zoology, London, 193, 287–304.
    Direct Link:
  • Buckland, S.T., Ahmad, S., Staines, B.W., Gordon, I.J. & Youngson, R.W. (1996) Estimating the minimum population size that allows a given annual number of mature red deer stags to be culled sustainably. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 118–130.
  • Bullock, J.A., Franklin, J., Stevenson, M.J., Silvertown, J., Coulson, S.J., Gregory, S.J. & Tofts, R. (2001) A plant trait analysis of responses to grazing in a long-term experiment. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 253–267.
    Direct Link:
  • Clutton-Brock, T.H. & Albon, S.D. (1989) Red Deer in the Highlands. BSP Professional Books, Oxford, UK.
  • Clutton-Brock, T.H. & Ball, M.E. (1987) Rhum: The Natural History of an Island. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK.
  • Clutton-Brock, T.H. & Thomson, D. (1998) Manipulation of Red Deer Density on Rum: Synthesis 1992–1995. Scottish Natural Heritage Research, Survey and Monitoring Report No. 97.
  • Clutton-Brock, T.H., Coulson, T.N., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Thomson, D. & Armstrong, H.M. (2002) Sex differences in emigration and mortality affect optimal management of deer populations. Nature, 415, 633–637.
  • Clutton-Brock, T.H., Guinness, F.E. & Albon, S.D. (1982) Red Deer: Behaviour and Ecology of Two Sexes. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK.
  • Crawley, M.J. (1993) GLIM for Ecologists. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
  • Crawley, M.J. (1997) Plant–herbivore dynamics. Plant Ecology (ed. M. J.Crawley), pp. 401–474. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
  • Edwards, G.R. & Crawley, M.J. (1999a) Rodent seed predation and seedling recruitment in mesic grassland. Oecologia, 118, 288–296.
  • Edwards, G.R. & Crawley, M.J. (1999b) Effects of disturbance and rabbit grazing on seedling recruitment of six mesic grassland species. Seed Science Research, 9, 145–156.
  • Ferreira, R.E.C. (1970) Vegetation Map of the Isle of Rhum. Nature Conservancy, London, UK.
  • Gong, Y.L., Swaine, M.D. & Miller, H.G. (1991) Effects of fencing and ground preparation on natural regeneration of native pinewood over 12 years in Glen Tanar, Aberdeenshire. Forestry, 64, 157–168.
  • Gordon, I.J. (1989) Vegetation community selection by ungulates on the Isle of Rhum. II. Vegetation community selection. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 53–64.
  • Gordon, I.J., Dunbar, R., Buckland, D. & Miller, D. (1987) Ponies, cattle and goats. Rhum: The Natural History of an Island (eds T.H.Clutton-Brock & M.E.Ball), pp. 110–124. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK.
  • Grant, S.A., Hamilton, W.J. & Souter, C. (1981) The responses of heather-dominated vegetation in north-east Scotland to grazing by red deer. Journal of Ecology, 69, 189–204.
  • Hairston, N.G. (1989) Ecological Experiments: Purpose, Design and Execution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Hester, A.J., Gordon, I.J., Baillie, G.J. & Tappin, E. (1999) Foraging behaviour of sheep and red deer within natural heather grass mosaics. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 133–146.
    Direct Link:
  • Hewett, D.G. (1985) Grazing and mowing as management tools on dunes. Vegetatio, 62, 441–447.
  • Hurlbert, S.H. (1984) Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs, 54, 187–211.
  • John, E. & Turkington, R. (1997) A 5-year study of the effects of nutrient availability and herbivory on two boreal forest herbs. Journal of Ecology, 85, 419–430.
  • Kydd, D.D. (1964) The effect of different systems of cattle grazing on the botanical composition of permanent downland pasture. Journal of Ecology, 52, 139–149.
  • Lee, W.G., Fenner, M., Loughnan, A. & Lloyd, K.M. (2000) Long-term effects of defoliation: incomplete recovery of a New Zealand alpine tussock grass, Chionochloa pallens, after 20 years. Journal of Applied Ecology, 37, 348–355.
    Direct Link:
  • Miles, J. & Kinnaird, J.W. (1979) Grazing: with particular reference to birch, juniper and Scots pine in the Scottish Highlands. Scottish Forestry, 33, 280–289.
  • Nams, V.O., Folkard, N.F.G. & Smith, J.M.N. (1993) Effects of nitrogen fertilization on several woody and non-woody boreal species. Canadian Journal of Botany, 71, 93–97.
  • Ohlson, M. & Zackrisson, O. (1992) Tree establishment and microhabitat relationships in north Swedish peatlands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 22, 1869–1877.
  • Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L., James, P.W. & Moore, D.M. (1992) The Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum Publications, London, UK.
  • Rodwell, J. (1991) British Plant Communities, Vol. 2. Mires and Heaths. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Rodwell, J. (1992) British Plant Communities, Vol. 3. Grasslands and Montane Communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Scott, D., Welch, D., Thurlow, M. & Elston, D.A. (2000) Regeneration of Pinus sylvestris in a natural pinewood in NE Scotland following reduction in grazing by Cervus elaphus. Forest Ecology and Management, 130, 199–211.
  • Scottish Natural Heritage (1994) Red Deer and the Natural Heritage. SNH Policy Paper. SNH Publications and Graphics, Edinburgh, UK.
  • Stace, C. (1997) New Flora of the British Isles, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Staines, B.W., Crisp, J.M. & Parish, T. (1982) Differences in the quality of food eaten by red deer Cervus elaphus stags and hinds in winter. Journal of Applied Ecology, 19, 65–77.
  • Thompson, D.B.A. & Miles, J. (1995) Heaths and moorlands: some conclusions and questions about environmental change. Heaths and Moorland: Cultural Landscape (eds D.B.A.Thompson, A.J.Hester & M.B.Usher), pp. 362–385. HMSO, Edinburgh, UK.
  • Tuke, A. (2001) Grass production and sheep grazing on the island of Hirta, Scotland. PhD Thesis. University of London, London, UK.
  • Turnbull, L., Crawley, M.J. & Rees, M. (2000) Are plant populations seed-limited? A review of seed sowing experiments. Oikos, 88, 225–238.
    Direct Link:
  • Wood, B. (2000) Room for nature? Conservation management of the Isle of Rum, UK, and prospects for large protected areas in Europe. Biological Conservation, 94, 93–105.
View Full Article with Supporting Information (HTML) Get PDF (888K)