Chapter 3.1 Distances, angles, and their standard uncertainties

Methods for calculating distances and angles and the standard uncertainties in these quantities using the techniques of tensor analysis are described. A Fortran program showing how this tensor formulation can be adapted to computer languages is also given.

Keywords: standard uncertainties; bond lengths; bond angles; scalar products; vectors; vector product; vector length; permutation tensors; components of vector products; vector relationships; planes; variance–covariance matrices; mean values