Original Article

A 37-year prospective study of neuroticism and extraversion in women followed from mid-life to late life

  1. E. Billstedt1,2,*,
  2. I. Skoog1,
  3. P. Duberstein3,
  4. T. Marlow1,
  5. T. Hällström1,4,
  6. M. André5,6,
  7. L. Lissner7,
  8. C. Björkelund5,
  9. S. Östling1,
  10. M. Waern1

Article first published online: 19 FEB 2013

DOI: 10.1111/acps.12093

Additional Information

How to Cite

Billstedt E, Skoog I, Duberstein P, Marlow T, Hällström T, André M, Lissner L, Björkelund C, Östling S, Waern M. A 37-year prospective study of neuroticism and extraversion in women followed from mid-life to late life

Author Information

  1. 1

    Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

  2. 2

    Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

  3. 3

    Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NewYork, US

  4. 4

    Section for Psychiatry/Huddinge, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

  5. 5

    Department of Primary Health Care, Sahlgrenska School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

  6. 6

    Centre for Clinical Research, Falun, Dalarna, Sweden

  7. 7

    Department of Public Health Epidemiology, Sahlgrenska School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

* Eva Billstedt, Gillberg Neuropsychiatric Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12, 411 19 Gothenburg, Sweden.
E-mail: eva.billstedt@gnc.gu.se

Publication History

  1. Article first published online: 19 FEB 2013
  2. Manuscript Accepted: 11 JAN 2013

Funded by

  • Swedish Research Council. Grant Numbers: 11267, 2005-8460, 825-2007-7462
  • Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research. Grant Numbers: 2004-0145, 2006-0596, 2008-1111, 2001-2835, 2001-2646, 2003-0234, 2004-0150, 2006-0020, 2008-1229
  • United States National Institutes of Health. Grant Number: K24MH072712

SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

ARTICLE TOOLS

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (158K)

Keywords:

  • neuroticism;
  • extraversion;
  • eysenck personality inventory;
  • longitudinal;
  • old-age

Objective

Personality traits are presumed to endure over time, but the literature regarding older age is sparse. Furthermore, interpretation may be hampered by the presence of dementia-related personality changes. The aim was to study stability in neuroticism and extraversion in a population sample of women who were followed from mid-life to late life.

Method

A population-based sample of women born in 1918, 1922 or 1930 was examined with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) in 1968–1969. EPI was assessed after 37 years in 2005–2006 (n = 153). Data from an interim examination after 24 years were analysed for the subsample born in 1918 and 1922 (n = 75). Women who developed dementia at follow-up examinations were excluded from the analyses.

Results

Mean levels of neuroticism and extraversion were stable at both follow-ups. Rank-order and linear correlations between baseline and 37-year follow-up were moderate ranging between 0.49 and 0.69. Individual changes were observed, and only 25% of the variance in personality traits in 2005–2006 could be explained by traits in 1968–1969.

Conclusion

Personality is stable at the population level, but there is significant individual variability. These changes could not be attributed to dementia. Research is needed to examine determinants of these changes, as well as their clinical implications.

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (158K)