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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

DETERMINISM IN THE DIVERSIFICATION OF HISPANIOLAN TRUNK-GROUND ANOLES (ANOLIS CYBOTES SPECIES COMPLEX)

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Abstract

The evolutionary processes that produce adaptive radiations are enigmatic. They can only be studied after the fact, once a radiation has occurred and been recognized, rather than while the processes are ongoing. One way to connect pattern to process is to study the processes driving divergence today among populations of species that belong to an adaptive radiation, and compare the results to patterns observed at a deeper, macroevolutionary level. We tested whether evolution is a deterministic process with similar outcomes during different stages of the adaptive radiation of Anolis lizards. Using a clade of terrestrial–scansorial lizards in the genus Anolis, we inferred the adaptive basis of spatial variation among contemporary populations and tested whether axes of phenotypic differentiation among them mirror known axes of diversification at deeper levels of the anole radiation. Nonparallel change associated with genetic divergence explains the vast majority of geographic variation. However, we found phenotypic variation to be adaptive as confirmed by convergence in populations occurring in similar habitats in different mountain ranges. Morphological diversification among populations recurs deterministically along two axes of diversification previously identified in the anole radiation, but the characters involved differ from those involved in adaptation at higher levels of anole phylogeny.

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DOI

10.1111/evo.12184

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© 2013 The Author(s). Evolution © 2013 The Society for the Study of Evolution.

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Keywords

  • Adaptive radiation;
  • contingency;
  • landscape genetics;
  • recurrence;
  • spatial convergence;
  • speciation

Publication History

  • Issue online:
  • Version of record online:
  • Accepted manuscript online:
  • Manuscript Accepted:
  • Manuscript Received:

Funded by

  • Volkswagen Foundation to KCW
  • National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellowship

Supporting Information

FilenameDescription
evo12184-sup-0001-S1.doc2670K

Supplementary Information SI1.

Figure S1. Significant canonical correlation of habitat use and morphology for second canonical roots (CRs; r = 0.8447, P < 0.0001, Fisher's Z refined confidence interval estimation 0.8191 < r > 0.8665).

Figure S2. Logistic MAXENT model of species distribution for the Anolis cybotes species complex on Hispaniola (Dominican Republic outlined in black); black points—own sampling points and sampling points obtained from Glor et al. (2003), gray points—additional data points from specimens deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Red shades on map denote low occurrence probability; green shades denote high occurrence probability.

Figure S3. Significant canonical correlations between the ecomorph-environment canonical roots CR2–CR4.

Figure S4. Example for morphological characters whose variance is best explained by the environment.

Table S1. Localities, coordinates, GenBank accession numbers, museum voucher numbers, and list of recorded parameters of studied specimens of the Anolis cybotes species complex.

Table S2. Eigenvalues and explained variance for principal component analysis of variables obtained by flatbed scans of anole feet (residuals to SVL).

Table S3. Factor loadings for Principal Component Analysis of variables obtained by scanning anole feet (residuals to SVL).

Table S4. Eigenvalues and explained variance for Principal Component Analysis of morphological variables obtained from X-ray images of the skeleton (residuals to SVL).

Table S5. Factor loadings for Principal Component Analysis of morphological variables obtained by analyzing X-ray images of the skeleton (residuals to SVL).

Table S6. Eigenvalues and explained variance for principal component analysis of habitat use variables.

Table S7. Factor loadings for principal component analysis of habitat use variables.

Table S8. Forward-stepwise selection of the genetic principal components of the neighborhood matrix using analysis of covariance in rda (R: vegan).

Table S9. Eigenvalues and explained variance for principal component analysis of environmental variables (elevation, and 19 bioclimatic variables extracted from WORLDCLIM).

Table S10. Factor loadings for principal component analysis of environmental variables (elevation, and 19 bioclimatic variables extracted from WORLDCLIM).

Table S11. Results of occurrence-probability weighted canonical correlation analysis between ecological and morphological variable sets.

Table S12. Canonical weights for habitat use variable set. Marked are weights >0.4.

Table S13. Canonical weights for morphology variable set. Marked are weights > 0.4.

Table S14. Results of occurrence-probability weighted multiple regression of data set pruned to cases with no missing values.

Table S15. Overall model results for each dependent variable, displaying the overall fit of all parameters in the model.

Table S16. Canonical correlation of “Ecomorph” data set with environment data set obtained from 2000 random points.

Table S17. Canonical weights for “Ecomorph” variable set.

Table S18. Canonical weights for environment variable set.

Table S19. Results of variance partitioning (R: vegan, varpart) using single morphological variables as dependent.

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  1. 1Adam C. Algar, D. Luke Mahler, Area, climate heterogeneity, and the response of climate niches to ecological opportunity in island radiations ofAnolislizards, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2016, 25, 7, 781Wiley Online Library
  2. 2Mozes P. K. Blom, Paul Horner, Craig Moritz, Convergence across a continent: adaptive diversification in a recent radiation of Australian lizards, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2016, 283, 1832, 20160181CrossRef
  3. 3Hugo H. Siliceo-Cantero, Andres García, R. Graham Reynolds, Gualberto Pacheco, Bradford C. Lister, Dimorphism and divergence in island and mainland Anoles, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, 118, 4, 852Wiley Online Library
  4. 4Thomas J. Givnish, Adaptive radiation versus ‘radiation’ and ‘explosive diversification’: why conceptual distinctions are fundamental to understanding evolution, New Phytologist, 2015, 207, 2, 297Wiley Online Library
  5. 5Asa E. Conover, Ellee G. Cook, Katherine E. Boronow, Martha M. Muñoz, Effects of Ectoparasitism on Behavioral Thermoregulation in the Tropical lizards Anolis cybotes (Squamata: Dactyloidae) and Anolis armouri (Squamata: Dactyloidae), Breviora, 2015, 545, 1, 1CrossRef
  6. 6M. M. Munoz, M. A. Stimola, A. C. Algar, A. Conover, A. J. Rodriguez, M. A. Landestoy, G. S. Bakken, J. B. Losos, Evolutionary stasis and lability in thermal physiology in a group of tropical lizards, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2014, 281, 1778, 20132433CrossRef
  7. 7Kristen E. Crandell, Anthony Herrel, Mahmood Sasa, Jonathan B. Losos, Kellar Autumn, Stick or grip? Co-evolution of adhesive toepads and claws in Anolis lizards, Zoology, 2014, 117, 6, 363CrossRef