The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire

  1. TODD F. HEATHERTON1,
  2. LYNN T. KOZLOWSKI2,
  3. RICHARD C. FRECKER3,
  4. KARL-OLOV FAGERSTROM4

Article first published online: 24 JAN 2006

DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x

Issue

British Journal of Addiction

British Journal of Addiction

Volume 86, Issue 9, pages 1119–1127, September 1991

Additional Information

How to Cite

HEATHERTON, T. F., KOZLOWSKI, L. T., FRECKER, R. C. and FAGERSTROM, K.-O. (1991), The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86: 1119–1127. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x

Author Information

  1. 1

    Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

  2. 2

    Program in Behavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

  3. 3

    Addiction Research Foundation, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada

  4. 4

    Pharmacia Leo Therapeutics AB, Box 941, S-251 09 Helsingborg, Sweden

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 13 FEB 2010
  2. Article first published online: 24 JAN 2006

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Abstract

We examine and refine the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ; Fagerström, 1978). The relation between each FTQ item and biochemical measures of heaviness of smoking was examined in 254 smokers. We found that the nicotine rating item and the inhalation item were unrelated to any of our biochemical measures and these two items were primary contributors to psychometric deficiencies in the FTQ. We also found that a revised scoring of time to the first cigarette of the day (TTF) and number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) improved the scale. We present a revision of the FTQ: the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND).

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