Carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde in alcoholic beverages: risk assessment outside ethanol metabolism

  1. Dirk W. Lachenmeier1,
  2. Fotis Kanteres2,
  3. Jürgen Rehm2,3,4

Article first published online: 17 MAR 2009

DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02516.x

Issue

Addiction

Addiction

Volume 104, Issue 4, pages 533–550, April 2009

Additional Information

How to Cite

Lachenmeier, D. W., Kanteres, F. and Rehm, J. (2009), Carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde in alcoholic beverages: risk assessment outside ethanol metabolism. Addiction, 104: 533–550. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02516.x

Author Information

  1. 1

    Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany,

  2. 2

    Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,

  3. 3

    Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and

  4. 4

    Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany

*Dirk W. Lachenmeier, Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany. E-mail: lachenmeier@web.de

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 17 MAR 2009
  2. Article first published online: 17 MAR 2009
  3. Submitted 30 September 2008; initial review completed 26 November 2008; final version accepted 15 December 2008

SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

ARTICLE TOOLS

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (318K)

Keywords:

  • Acetaldehyde;
  • alcohol;
  • alcoholic beverages;
  • cancer;
  • ethanol;
  • unrecorded alcohol

ABSTRACT

Aims  In addition to being produced in ethanol metabolism, acetaldehyde occurs naturally in alcoholic beverages. Limited epidemiological evidence points to acetaldehyde as an independent risk factor for cancer during alcohol consumption, in addition to the effects of ethanol. This study aims to estimate human exposure to acetaldehyde from alcoholic beverages and provide a quantitative risk assessment.

Methods  The human dietary intake of acetaldehyde via alcoholic beverages was estimated based on World Health Organization (WHO) consumption data and literature on the acetaldehyde contents of different beverage groups (beer, wine, spirits and unrecorded alcohol). The risk assessment was conducted using the European Food Safety Authority's margin of exposure (MOE) approach with benchmark doses obtained from dose–response modelling of animal experiments. Life-time cancer risk was calculated using the T25 dose descriptor.

Results  The average exposure to acetaldehyde from alcoholic beverages was estimated at 0.112 mg/kg body weight/day. The MOE was calculated to be 498, and the life-time cancer risk at 7.6 in 10 000. Higher risk may exist for people exposed to high acetaldehyde contaminations, as we have found in certain unrecorded alcohol beverages in Guatemala and Russia, for which we have demonstrated possible exposure scenarios, with risks in the range of 1 in 1000.

Conclusions  The life-time cancer risks for acetaldehyde from alcoholic beverages greatly exceed the usual limits for cancer risks from the environment set between 1 : 10 000 and 1 : 1 000 000. Alcohol consumption has thus been identified as a direct source of acetaldehyde exposure, which in conjunction with other sources (food flavourings, tobacco) results in a magnitude of risk requiring intervention. An initial public health measure could be to reduce the acetaldehyde content in alcoholic beverages as low as technologically possible, and to restrict its use as a food flavour additive.

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (318K)