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RESEARCH REPORT
Drinking habits and disability retirement
Article first published online: 10 AUG 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03976.x
© 2012 The Authors, Addiction © 2012 Society for the Study of Addiction
Additional Information
How to Cite
Salonsalmi, A., Laaksonen, M., Lahelma, E. and Rahkonen, O. (2012), Drinking habits and disability retirement. Addiction, 107: 2128–2136. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03976.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 20 NOV 2012
- Article first published online: 10 AUG 2012
- Accepted manuscript online: 14 JUN 2012 06:58AM EST
- Manuscript Accepted: 8 JUN 2012
- Manuscript Revised: 22 NOV 2011
- Manuscript Received: 23 SEP 2011
Funded by
- The Academy of Finland, the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation, and the Juho Vainio Foundation
Keywords:
- Alcohol drinking;
- disability retirement;
- drinking behaviour;
- mental disorders;
- middle aged;
- occupational health;
- pensions
Abstract
Aims
To examine associations between drinking habits and disability retirement, and to determine whether the associations differ between all-cause disability retirement and the main causes of disability retirement, i.e. musculoskeletal diseases and mental disorders.
Design
A prospective cohort study with a mean follow-up time of 8 years.
Setting
Middle-aged employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland.
Participants
A total of 6275 municipal employees (78% women) who were 40–60 years old at baseline.
Measurements
Data on drinking habits, i.e. quantity and frequency of drinking, binge drinking and problem drinking, were derived from the baseline questionnaire. The data on disability retirement and its diagnoses came from the Finnish Centre for Pensions. The analyses were made using Cox regression analysis.
Findings
Heavy average and frequent drinking were not associated with all-cause disability retirement, but increased the risk of disability retirement due to mental disorders even after adjusting for all covariates [hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.54 (1.26–5.12) and 2.10 (1.23–3.61), respectively]. Binge and problem drinking were both associated with all-cause disability retirement in the base models adjusted for age, gender and marital status. Problem drinking more than doubled the risk of disability retirement due to mental disorders even after all adjustments (HR 2.17, CI 1.53–3.08). Non-drinkers had an increased risk for disability retirement due to all mental and musculoskeletal diagnoses.
Conclusions
Adverse drinking habits may contribute to disability retirement among the middle-aged working population. Tackling unhealthy drinking habits may lessen the likelihood of early retirement due to poor mental health.