REVIEW ARTICLE

You have free access to this content

Review article: coeliac disease, new approaches to therapy

S. Rashtak,
J. A. Murray^*

Article first published online: 13 FEB 2012

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05013.x

Issue

Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics

Volume 35, Issue 7, pages 768–781, April 2012

Additional Information

How to Cite

Rashtak, S. and Murray, J. A. (2012), Review article: coeliac disease, new approaches to therapy. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 35: 768–781. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05013.x

Author Information

Celiac Disease Research Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

^*Correspondence to:
Dr J. A. Murray, Celiac Disease Research Program, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. E-mail: murray.joseph@mayo.edu

This commissioned review article was subject to full peer-review.

Publication History

Issue published online: 8 MAR 2012
Article first published online: 13 FEB 2012
Manuscript Revised: 18 JAN 2012
Manuscript Accepted: 18 JAN 2012
Manuscript Revised: 3 APR 2011
Manuscript Received: 10 MAR 2011

Funded by

National Institute of Health

ARTICLE TOOLS

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (447K)

References

1
Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity (‘celiac sprue’). Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 330–54.
2
Green PH, Cellier C. Celiac disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1731–43.
3
American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: Celiac Sprue. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1522–5.
- CrossRef,
- PubMed
4
Murray JA, Van Dyke C, Plevak MF, et al. Trends in the identification and clinical features of celiac disease in a North American community, 1950-2001. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 1: 19–27.
5
Dube C, Rostom A, Sy R, et al. The prevalence of celiac disease in average-risk and at-risk Western European populations: a systematic review. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S57–67.
6
Catassi C, Ratsch IM, Fabiani E, et al. Coeliac disease in the year 2000: exploring the iceberg. Lancet 1994; 343: 200–3.
7
Zone JJ. Skin manifestations of celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S87–91.
8
Bushara KO. Neurologic presentation of celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S92–7.
9
Green PH, Jabri B. Coeliac disease. Lancet 2003; 362: 383–91.
10
Green PH. The many faces of celiac disease: clinical presentation of celiac disease in the adult population. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: S74–8.
11
Abdulkarim AS, Murray JA. Review article: the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 987–95.
Direct Link:
12
Rashtak S, Murray JA. Tailored testing for celiac disease. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 339–41.
- PubMed,
- Web of Science® Times Cited: 9
13
van derWindt DA, Jellema P, Mulder CJ, et al. Diagnostic testing for celiac disease among patients with abdominal symptoms: a systematic review. JAMA 2010; 303: 1738–46.
14
Hopper AD, Cross SS, Hurlstone DP, et al. Pre-endoscopy serological testine for coeliac disease: evaluation of a clinical decision tool. BMJ 2007; 334: 729.
15
Kurppa K, Collin P, Viljamaa M, et al. Diagnosing mild enteropathy celiac disease: a randomized, controlled clinical study. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 816–23.
16
See J, Murray JA. Gluten-free diet: the medical and nutrition management of celiac disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2006; 21: 1–15.
- CrossRef,
- PubMed
17
Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. Celiac disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2010; 26: 116–22.
18
Sollid LM, Lundin KE. Diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease. Mucosal Immunol 2009; 2: 3–7.
19
Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR. Coeliac disease. Lancet 2009; 373: 1480–93.
20
Holmes GK, Prior P, Lane MR, et al. Malignancy in coeliac disease–effect of a gluten free diet. Gut 1989; 30: 333–8.
21
Catassi C, Fabiani E, Iacono G, et al.A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to establish safe gluten threshold for patients with celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutri 2007; 85: 160–6.
22
Peraaho M, Kaukinen K, Paasikivi K, et al. Wheat-starch-based gluten-free products in the treatment of newly detected coeliac disease: prospective and randomized study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 587–94.
Direct Link:
23
Lee A, Newman JM. Celiac diet: its impact on quality of life. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103: 1533–5.
24
Hall NJ, Rubin G, Charnock A. Systematic review: adherence to a gluten-free diet in adult patients with coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30: 315–30.
Direct Link:
25
Thompson T, Lee AR, Grace T. Gluten contamination of grains, seeds, and flours in the United States: a pilot study. J Am Diet Assoc 2010; 110: 937–40.
26
Thompson T, Mendez E. Commercial assays to assess gluten content of gluten-free foods: why they are not created equal. J Am Diet Assoc 2008; 108: 1682–7.
27
Bardella MT, Velio P, Cesana BM, et al. Coeliac disease: a histological follow-up study. Histopathology 2007; 50: 465–71.
Direct Link:
28
Rubio-Tapia A, Rahim MW, See JA, et al. Mucosal recovery and mortality in adults with celiac disease after treatment with a gluten-free diet. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1412–20.
29
Jabri B, Sollid LM. Mechanisms of disease: immunopathogenesis of celiac disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 3: 516–25.
30
Sollid LM. Coeliac disease: dissecting a complex inflammatory disorder. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2: 647–55.
31
Molberg O, McAdam SN, Korner R, et al. Tissue transglutaminase selectively modifies gliadin peptides that are recognized by gut-derived T cells in celiac disease. Nat Med 1998; 4: 713–7.
32
Anderson RP, Degano P, Godkin AJ, Jewell DP, Hill AV. In vivo antigen challenge in celiac disease identifies a single transglutaminase-modified peptide as the dominant A-gliadin T-cell epitope. Nat Med 2000; 6: 337–42.
33
Jabri B, Kasarda DD, Green PH. Innate and adaptive immunity: the yin and yang of celiac disease. Immunol Rev 2005; 206: 219–31.
Direct Link:
34
Akobeng AK, Thomas AG. Systematic review: tolerable amount of gluten for people with coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 1044–52.
Direct Link:
35
Dicke WK. Treatment of celiac disease. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1951; 95: 124–30.
- PubMed,
- CAS
36
Lerner A. New therapeutic strategies for celiac disease. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 9: 144–7.
37
Sollid LM, Khosla C. Future therapeutic options for celiac disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 2: 140–7.
38
Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. Classification and management of refractory coeliac disease. Gut 2010; 59: 547–57.
39
Lanzini A, Lanzarotto F, Villanacci V, et al. Complete recovery of intestinal mucosa occurs very rarely in adult coeliac patients despite adherence to gluten-free diet. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29: 1299–308.
Direct Link:
40
Selby WS, Painter D, Collins A, et al. Persistent mucosal abnormalities in coeliac disease are not related to the ingestion of trace amounts of gluten. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 909–14.
41
Aziz I, Evans KE, Papageorgiou V, Sanders DS. Are patients with coeliac disease seeking alternative therapies to a gluten-free diet? J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2011; 20: 27–31.
- PubMed,
- Web of Science® Times Cited: 1
42
Schuppan D, Junker Y, Barisani D. Celiac disease: from pathogenesis to novel therapies. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 1912–33.
43
Mezaize S, Chevallier S, Le Bail A, et al. Optimization of gluten-free formulations for French-style breads. J Food Sci 2009; 74: E140–6.
Direct Link:
44
Moroni AV, Dal Bello F, Arendt EK. Sourdough in gluten-free bread-making: an ancient technology to solve a novel issue? Food Microbiol 2009; 26: 676–84.
45
Feldman M. The origin of cultivated wheat-A History of Wheat Breeding. London: Lavoisier, 2001.
46
Molberg O, Uhlen AK, Jensen T, et al. Mapping of gluten T-cell epitopes in the bread wheat ancestors: implications for celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 393–401.
47
Spaenij-Dekking L, Kooy-Winkelaar Y, van Veelen P, et al. Natural variation in toxicity of wheat: potential for selection of nontoxic varieties for celiac disease patients. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 797–806.
48
van den Broeck HC, van Herpen TW, Schuit C, et al. Removing celiac disease-related gluten proteins from bread wheat while retaining technological properties: a study with Chinese Spring deletion lines. BMC Plant Biol 2009; 9: 41.
49
Tye-Din JA, Stewart JA, Dromey JA, et al. Comprehensive, quantitative mapping of T cell epitopes in gluten in celiac disease. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2: 41ra51.
50
Zandonadi RP, Botelho RB, Araujo WM. Psyllium as a substitute for gluten in bread. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109: 1781–4.
51
Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, Auricchio S, et al. Sourdough bread made from wheat and nontoxic flours and started with selected lactobacilli is tolerated in celiac sprue patients. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70: 1088–96.
52
Cerf-Bensussan N, Matysiak-Budnik T, Cellier C, et al. Oral proteases: a new approach to managing coeliac disease. Gut 2007; 56: 157–60.
53
Gass J, Bethune MT, Siegel M, et al. Combination enzyme therapy for gastric digestion of dietary gluten in patients with celiac sprue. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 472–80.
54
Stenman SM, Lindfors K, Venäläinen JI, et al. Degradation of coeliac disease-inducing rye secalin by germinating cereal enzymes: diminishing toxic effects in intestinal epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 161: 242–9.
Direct Link:
55
Pinier M, Verdu EF, Nasser-Eddine M, et al. Polymeric binders suppress gliadin-induced toxicity in the intestinal epithelium. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 288–98.
56
Liang L, Pinier M, Leroux JC, et al. Interaction of alpha-gliadin with polyanions: design considerations for sequestrants used in supportive treatment of celiac disease. Biopolymers 2010; 93: 418–28.
Direct Link:
57
Schneeberger EE, Lynch RD. The tight junction: a multifunctional complex. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 286: C1213–28.
58
van Elburg RM, Uil JJ, Mulder CJ, et al. Intestinal permeability in patients with coeliac disease and relatives of patients with coeliac disease. Gut 1993; 34: 354–7.
59
Monsuur AJ, de Bakker PI, Alizadeh BZ, et al. Myosin IXB variant increases the risk of celiac disease and points toward a primary intestinal barrier defect. Nat Genet 2005; 37: 1341–4.
60
Fasano A, Not T, Wang W, et al. Zonulin, a newly discovered modulator of intestinal permeability, and its expression in coeliac disease. Lancet 2000; 355: 1518–9.
61
Wang W, Uzzau S, Goldblum SE, et al. Human zonulin, a potential modulator of intestinal tight junctions. J Cell Sci 2000; 113(Pt 24): 4435–40.
62
Fasano A, Uzzau S. Modulation of intestinal tight junctions by Zonula occludens toxin permits enteral administration of insulin and other macromolecules in an animal model. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 1158–64.
63
Lammers KM, Lu R, Brownley J, et al. Gliadin induces an increase in intestinal permeability and zonulin release by binding to the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 194–204.
64
Tripathi A, Lammers KM, Goldblum S, et al. Identification of human zonulin, a physiological modulator of tight junctions, as prehaptoglobin-2. PNAS 2009; 106: 16799–804.
65
Paterson BM, Lammers KM, Arrieta MC, et al. The safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of single doses of AT-1001 in coeliac disease subjects: a proof of concept study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 757–66.
Direct Link:
66
Klöck C, Jin X, Choi K, et al. Acylideneoxoindoles: a new class of reversible inhibitors of human transglutaminase 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21: 2692–6.
67
van de Wal Y, Kooy YM, van Veelen P, et al. Glutenin is involved in the gluten-driven mucosal T cell response. Eur J Immunol 1999; 10: 3133–9.
Direct Link:
68
Molberg O, McAdam S, Lundin KE, et al. T cells from celiac disease lesions recognize gliadin epitopes deamidated in situ by endogenous tissue transglutaminase. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31: 1317–23.
Direct Link:
69
Freund KF, Doshi KP, Gaul SL, et al. Transglutaminase inhibition by 2-[(2-oxopropyl)thio]imidazolium derivatives: mechanism of factor XIIIa inactivation. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 10109–19.
70
Maiuri L, Ciacci C, Ricciardelli I, et al. Unexpected role of surface transglutaminase type II in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 1400–13.
71
Szondy Z, Sarang Z, Molnar P, et al. Transglutaminase 2−/− mice reveal a phagocytosis-associated crosstalk between macrophages and apoptotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 7812–7.
72
Choi K, Siegel M, Piper JL, et al. Chemistry and biology of dihydroisoxazole derivatives: selective inhibitors of human transglutaminase 2. Chem Biol 2005; 12: 469–75.
73
Watts RE, Siegel M, Khosla C. Structure-activity relationship analysis of the selective inhibition of transglutaminase 2 by dihydroisoxazoles. J Med Chem 2006; 49: 7493–501.
74
Sollid LM, Thorsby E. HLA susceptibility genes in celiac disease: genetic mapping and role in pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 910–22.
75
Xia J, Bergseng E, Fleckenstein B, et al. Cyclic and dimeric gluten peptide analogues inhibiting DQ2-mediated antigen presentation in celiac disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15: 6565–73.
76
Xia J, Siegel M, Bergseng E, et al. Inhibition of HLA-DQ2-mediated antigen presentation by analogues of a high affinity 33-residue peptide from alpha2-gliadin. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128: 1859–67.
77
Jüse U, van de Wal Y, Koning F, Sollid LM, Fleckenstein B. Design of new high-affinity peptide ligands for human leukocyte antigen-DQ2 using a positional scanning peptide library. Hum Immunol 2010; 71: 475–81.
78
Rubio-Tapia A, Talley NJ, Gurudu SR, et al. Gluten-free diet and steroid treatment are effective therapy for most patients with collagenous sprue. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 344–9.
79
Ciacci C, Maiuri L, Russo I, et al. Efficacy of budesonide therapy in the early phase of treatment of adult coeliac disease patients with malabsorption: an in vivo/in vitro pilot study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36: 1170–6.
Direct Link:
80
Jamma S, Leffler DA, Dennis M, et al. Small intestinal release mesalamine for the treatment of refractory celiac disease type I. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45: 30–3.
81
Przemioslo RT, Lundin KE, Sollid LM, et al. Histological changes in small bowel mucosa induced by gliadin sensitive T lymphocytes can be blocked by anti-interferon gamma antibody. Gut 1995; 36: 874–9.
82
Bethune MT, Siegel M, Howles-Banerji S, et al. Interferon-gamma released by gluten-stimulated celiac disease-specific intestinal T cells enhances the transepithelial flux of gluten peptides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329: 657–68.
83
Gillett HR, Arnott ID, McIntyre M, et al. Successful infliximab treatment for steroid-refractory celiac disease: a case report. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 800–5.
84
Costantino G, della Torre A, Lo Presti MA, et al. Treatment of life-threatening type I refractory coeliac disease with long-term infliximab. Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40: 74–7.
85
Silano M, Vincentini O, De Vincenzi M. Toxic, immunostimulatory and antagonist gluten peptides in celiac disease. Curr Med Chem 2009; 16: 1489–98.
86
Anderson RP, van Heel DA, Tye-Din JA, et al. Antagonists and non-toxic variants of the dominant wheat gliadin T cell epitope in coeliac disease. Gut 2006; 55: 485–91.
87
Silano M, Leonardi F, Trecca A, Mancini E, Di Benedetto R, De Vincenzi M. Prevention by a decapeptide from durum wheat of in vitro gliadin peptide-induced apoptosis in small-bowel mucosa from coeliac patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 786–7.
88
Hue S, Mention JJ, Monteiro RC, et al. A direct role for NKG2D/MICA interaction in villous atrophy during celiac disease. Immunity 2004; 21: 367–77.
89
Maiuri L, Ciacci C, Auricchio S, et al. Interleukin 15 mediates epithelial changes in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 996–1006.
90
Meresse B, Chen Z, Ciszewski C, et al. Coordinated induction by IL15 of a TCR-independent NKG2D signaling pathway converts CTL into lymphokine-activated killer cells in celiac disease. Immunity 2004; 21: 357–66.
91
Di Sabatino A, Ciccocioppo R, Cupelli F, et al. Epithelium derived interleukin 15 regulates intraepithelial lymphocyte Th1 cytokine production, cytotoxicity, and survival in coeliac disease. Gut 2006; 55: 469–77.
92
Mention JJ, Ben Ahmed M, Begue B, et al. Interleukin 15: a key to disrupted intraepithelial lymphocyte homeostasis and lymphomagenesis in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 730–45.
93
Yokoyama S, Watanabe N, Sato N, et al. Antibody-mediated blockade of IL-15 reverses the autoimmune intestinal damage in transgenic mice that overexpress IL-15 in enterocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106: 15849–54.
94
Malamut G, El Machhour R, Montcuquet N, et al. IL-15 triggers an antiapoptotic pathway in human intraepithelial lymphocytes that is a potential new target in celiac disease-associated inflammation and lymphomagenesis. J Clin Invest 2010; 120: 2131–43.
95
Braat H, Rottiers P, Hommes DW, et al. A phase I trial with transgenic bacteria expressing interleukin-10 in Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 754–9.
96
Salvati VM, Mazzarella G, Gianfrani C, et al. Recombinant human interleukin 10 suppresses gliadin dependent T cell activation in ex vivo cultured coeliac intestinal mucosa. Gut 2005; 54: 46–53.
97
Mulder CJ, Wahab PJ, Meijer JW, et al. A pilot study of recombinant human interleukin-10 in adults with refractory coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13: 1183–8.
98
Berlin C, Berg EL, Briskin MJ, et al. Alpha 4 beta 7 integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular addressin MAdCAM-1. Cell 1993; 74: 185–95.
99
Salmi M, Jalkanen S. Molecules controlling lymphocyte migration to the gut. Gut 1999; 45: 148–53.
100
Di Sabatino A, Rovedatti L, Rosado MM, et al. Increased expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 in the duodenum of patients with active celiac disease is associated with depletion of integrin alpha4beta7-positive T cells in blood. Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 699–704.
101
Ghosh S, Goldin E, Gordon FH, et al. Natalizumab for active Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 24–32.
102
Zabel BA, Agace WW, Campbell JJ, et al. Human G protein-coupled receptor GPR-9-6/CC chemokine receptor 9 is selectively expressed on intestinal homing T lymphocytes, mucosal lymphocytes, and thymocytes and is required for thymus-expressed chemokine-mediated chemotaxis. J Exp Med 1999; 190: 1241–56.
103
Rivera-Nieves J, Ho J, Bamias G, et al. Antibody blockade of CCL25/CCR9 ameliorates early but not late chronic murine ileitis. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 1518–29.
104
Keshav S, Ungashe S, Zheng W, et al. Ccx282-B, an orally active inhibitor of chemokine receptor Ccr9, shows anti-inflammatory & clinical activity in the treatment of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: A157 A157.
- Web of Science® Times Cited: 6
105
Booth V, Keizer DW, Kamphuis MB, et al. The CXCR3 binding chemokine IP-10/CXCL10: structure and receptor interactions. Biochemistry 2002; 41: 10418–25.
106
Rashtak S, Marietta EV, Murray JA. Gliadin stimulation of monocytes leads to increased expression of multiple T cell recruiting chemokines: a novel innate immune response. Clin Immunol 2010; 135(Suppl. S): S47.
- CrossRef,
- Web of Science®
107
Hopman EG, von Blomberg ME, Batstra MR, et al. Gluten tolerance in adult patients with celiac disease 20 years after diagnosis? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20: 423–9.
108
Bardella MT, Fredella C, Trovato C, et al. Long-term remission in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis on a normal diet. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149: 968–71.
Direct Link:
109
Vickery BP, Burks AW. Immunotherapy in the treatment of food allergy: focus on oral tolerance. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9: 364–70.
110
Maurano F, Siciliano RA, De Giulio B, et al. Intranasal administration of one alpha gliadin can downregulate the immune response to whole gliadin in mice. Scand J Immunol 2001; 53: 290–5.
Direct Link:
111
Senger S, Luongo D, Maurano F, et al. Intranasal administration of a recombinant alpha-gliadin down-regulates the immune response to wheat gliadin in DQ8 transgenic mice. Immunol Lett 2003; 88: 127–34.
112
Huibregtse IL, Marietta EV, Rashtak S, et al. Induction of antigen-specific tolerance by oral administration of Lactococcus lactis delivered immunodominant DQ8-restricted gliadin peptide in sensitized nonobese diabetic Abo Dq8 transgenic mice. J Immunol 2009; 183: 2390–6.
113
Croese J, O'Neil J, Masson J, et al. A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors. Gut 2006; 55: 136–7.
114
Inoculating Celiac Disease Patients With the Human Hookworm Necator Americanus: Evaluating Immunity and Gluten-Sensitivity. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov; 2009.
115
Daveson AJ, Jones DM, Gaze S, et al.Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease – a randomized double-blinded controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e17366.
116
Keech CL, Dromey J, Chen ZJ, et al. Immune Tolerance Induced By Peptide Immunotherapy in An HLA Dq2-Dependent Mouse Model of Gluten Immunity. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: A57–A57.
- CrossRef,
- Web of Science® Times Cited: 7
117
Collado MC, Donat E, Ribes-Koninckx C, et al. Specific duodenal and faecal bacterial groups associated with paediatric coeliac disease. J Clin Pathol 2009; 62: 264–9.
118
Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti G. High prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in celiac patients with persistence of gastrointestinal symptoms after gluten withdrawal. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 839–43.
Direct Link:
119
Zhao J, de Vera J, Narushima S, et al. R-spondin1, a novel intestinotrophic ameliorates experimental colitis in mice. Gastroentrology 2007; 132: 1331–43.
120
Rubio-Tapia A, Abdulkarim AS, Wiesner RH, et al. Celiac disease autoantibodies in severe autoimmune liver disease and the effect of liver transplantation. Liver Int 2008; 28: 467–76.
Direct Link:

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (447K)

JOURNAL TOOLS

JOURNAL MENU

FIND ISSUES

FIND ARTICLES

GET ACCESS

FOR CONTRIBUTORS

ABOUT THIS JOURNAL

SPECIAL FEATURES

Review article: coeliac disease, new approaches to therapy

Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics

How to Cite

Author Information

Publication History

Funded by

ARTICLE TOOLS

References

More content like this

JOURNAL TOOLS

JOURNAL MENU

FIND ISSUES

FIND ARTICLES

GET ACCESS

FOR CONTRIBUTORS

ABOUT THIS JOURNAL

SPECIAL FEATURES

Review article: coeliac disease, new approaches to therapy

Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics

How to Cite

Author Information

Publication History

Funded by

SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

ARTICLE TOOLS

References

More content like this