Present address. School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Interspecific relationships among growth, mortality and xylem traits of woody species from New Zealand
Article first published online: 26 NOV 2009
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01670.x
© 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 British Ecological Society
Additional Information
How to Cite
Russo, S. E., Jenkins, K. L., Wiser, S. K., Uriarte, M., Duncan, R. P. and Coomes, D. A. (2010), Interspecific relationships among growth, mortality and xylem traits of woody species from New Zealand. Functional Ecology, 24: 253–262. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01670.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 26 FEB 2010
- Article first published online: 26 NOV 2009
- Received 24 January 2009; accepted 27 October 2009Handling Editor: Lawren Sack
Keywords:
- functional traits;
- New Zealand forests;
- phylogenetic comparative methods;
- trade-offs;
- tree maximum height;
- tree diameter growth rate;
- tree mortality rate;
- vessel and tracheid properties;
- wood density
Summary
1. Wood density is considered a key functional trait influencing the growth and survival of woody plants and has been shown to be related to a slow–fast rate-of-living continuum. Wood density is, however, an emergent trait arising from several vascular properties of wood, including the diameter and frequency of xylem conduits.
2. We aimed to test the hypotheses that there is a set of inter-related trade-offs linked to the different functions of wood, that these trade-offs have direct consequences for tree growth and survival and that these trade-offs underlie the observed correlations between wood density and demographic rates. We evaluated the covariation between xylem anatomical traits among woody species of New Zealand and whether that covariation had the potential to constrain variation in wood density and demographic rates.
3. Several xylem traits were strongly correlated with each other, but wood density was not correlated with any of them. We also found no significant relationships between wood density and growth or mortality rate. Instead, growth was strongly related to xylem traits associated with hydraulic capacity (conduit diameter and a conductivity index) and to maximum height, whereas mortality rate was strongly correlated only with maximum height. The diameter and frequency of conduits exhibited a significant negative relationship, suggesting a trade-off, which restricted variation in wood density and growth rate, but not mortality rate.
4. Our results suggest, for woody species in New Zealand, that growth rate is more closely linked to xylem traits determining hydraulic conductance, rather than wood density. We also found no evidence that denser woods conferred higher survival, or that risk of cavitation caused by wide conduits increased mortality.
5. In summary, we found little support for the idea that wood density is a good proxy for position along a fast–slow rate-of-living continuum. Instead, the strong, negative relationship between vessel diameter and frequency may constrain the realized diversity of demographic niches of tree species in New Zealand. Trade-offs in function therefore have the potential to shape functional diversity and ecology of forest communities by linking selection on structure and function to population-level dynamics.