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Lake restoration: successes, failures and long-term effects

  1. MARTIN SØNDERGAARD1,
  2. ERIK JEPPESEN1,2,
  3. TORBEN L. LAURIDSEN1,
  4. CHRISTIAN SKOV3,
  5. EGBERT H. VAN NES4,
  6. RUDI ROIJACKERS4,
  7. EDDY LAMMENS5,
  8. ROB PORTIELJE5

Article first published online: 3 AUG 2007

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01363.x

Issue

Journal of Applied Ecology

Journal of Applied Ecology

Volume 44, Issue 6, pages 1095–1105, December 2007

Additional Information

How to Cite

SØNDERGAARD, M., JEPPESEN, E., LAURIDSEN, T. L., SKOV, C., VAN NES, E. H., ROIJACKERS, R., LAMMENS, E. and PORTIELJE, R. (2007), Lake restoration: successes, failures and long-term effects. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44: 1095–1105. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01363.x

Author Information

  1. 1

    National Environmental Research Institute, Department of Freshwater Ecology, University of Aarhus,Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark;

  2. 2

    Department of Plant Biology, University of Aarhus, Ole Worms Allé, Building 135, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;

  3. 3

    Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Department of Inland Fisheries, Silkeborg, Technical University of Denmark;

  4. 4

    Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; and

  5. 5

    Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment RIZA, PO Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, the Netherlands

*Correspondance: Martin Søndergaard, National Environmental Research Institute, Department of Freshwater Ecology, University of Aarhus, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark (e-mail ms@dmu.dk).

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 3 AUG 2007
  2. Article first published online: 3 AUG 2007
  3. Received 17 July 2006; final copy received 30 May 2007 Editor: Paul Giller

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Keywords:

  • biomanipulation;
  • eutrophication;
  • internal loading;
  • macrophytes;
  • phosphorus;
  • shallow lakes;
  • stocking of pisci;
  • Water Framework Directive

Summary

  • 1
    Eutrophication constitutes a serious threat to many European lakes and many approaches have been used during the past 20–30 years to improve lake water quality. Results from the various lake restoration initiatives are diverse and the long-term effects are not well described.
  • 2
    In this study we evaluated data from more than 70 restoration projects conducted mainly in shallow, eutrophic lakes in Denmark and the Netherlands. Special focus was given to the removal of zooplanktivorous and benthivorous fish, by far the most common internal lake measure.
  • 3
    In more than half of the biomanipulation projects, Secchi depth increased and chlorophyll a decreased to less than 50% within the first few years. In some of the shallow lakes, total phosphorus and total nitrogen levels decreased considerably, indicating an increased retention or loss by denitrification. The strongest effects seemed to be obtained 4–6 years after the start of fish removal.
  • 4
    The long-term effect of restoration initiatives can only be described for a few lakes, but data from biomanipulated lakes indicate a return to a turbid state within 10 years or less in most cases. One of reasons for the lack of long-term effects may be internal phosphorus loading from a mobile pool accumulated in the sediment.
  • 5
    Synthesis and applications. Lake restoration, and in particular fish removal in shallow eutrophic lakes, has been widely used in Denmark and the Netherlands, where it has had marked effects on lake water quality in many lakes. Long-term effects (> 8–10 years) are less obvious and a return to turbid conditions is often seen unless fish removal is repeated. Insufficient external loading reduction, internal phosphorus loading and absence of stable submerged macrophyte communities to stabilize the clear-water state are the most probable causes for this relapse to earlier conditions.
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