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Negative impact of traffic noise on avian reproductive success
Article first published online: 13 DEC 2010
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01914.x
© 2010 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology © 2010 British Ecological Society
Additional Information
How to Cite
Halfwerk, W., Holleman, L. J. M., Lessells, C(Kate). M. and Slabbekoorn, H. (2011), Negative impact of traffic noise on avian reproductive success. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48: 210–219. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01914.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 7 JAN 2011
- Article first published online: 13 DEC 2010
- Received 8 July 2010; accepted 2 November 2010 Handling Editor: Mark Whittingham
- Abstract
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Keywords:
- anthropogenic noise;
- clutch size;
- great tit;
- Parus major;
- reproductive success;
- traffic noise fluctuations
Summary
1. Traffic affects large areas of natural habitat worldwide. As a result, the acoustic signals used by birds and other animals are increasingly masked by traffic noise. Masking of signals important to territory defence and mate attraction may have a negative impact on reproductive success. Depending on the overlap in space, time and frequency between noise and vocalizations, such impact may ultimately exclude species from suitable breeding habitat. However a direct impact of traffic noise on reproductive success has not previously been reported.
2. We monitored traffic noise and avian vocal activity during the breeding season alongside a busy Dutch motorway. We measured variation in space, time and spectrum of noise and tested for negative effects on avian reproductive success using long-term breeding data on great tits Parus major.
3. Noise levels decreased with distance from the motorway, but we also found substantial spatial variation independent of distance. Noise also varied temporally with March being noisier than April, and the daytime being noisier than night-time. Furthermore, weekdays were clearly noisier than weekends. Importantly, traffic noise overlapped in time as well as acoustic frequency with avian vocalization behaviour over a large area.
4. Traffic noise had a negative effect on reproductive success with females laying smaller clutches in noisier areas. Variation in traffic noise in the frequency band that overlaps most with the lower frequency part of great tit song best explained the observed variation.
5. Additionally, noise levels recorded in April had a negative effect on the number of fledglings, independent of clutch size, and explained the observed variation better than noise levels recorded in March.
6. Synthesis and applications. We found that breeding under noisy conditions can carry a cost, even for species common in urban areas. Such costs should be taken into account when protecting threatened species, and we argue that knowledge of the spatial, temporal and spectral overlap between noise and species-specific acoustic behaviour will be important for effective noise management. We provide some cost-effective mitigation measures such as traffic speed reduction or closing of roads during the breeding season.