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SUMMARY

• When improvements in symptoms of hospital-acquired pneumonia are difficult to see, an investigation should be made into whether there truly is no response to antimicrobial treatment.

• Non-infectious disease that results in pneumonia-like shadows needs to be excluded.

• In pneumonia that is unresponsive to antimicrobials, differential diagnoses must be made with consideration of causative microorganism factors, host factors and medication factors, respectively.

• Preferably, the dose, administration frequency and administration time for the administered antimicrobials should be established based on PK/PD.