1461-0248/asset/olbannerleft.gif?v=1&s=3cdd97f41173d141f3f51773629729a6ad3be0ef)
1461-0248/asset/ele_centre.gif?v=1&s=8f1a28c45a6b32f9407a8bd9efb9c5b2aaffe521)
REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS
You have free access to this content
Species coexistence in a variable world
Article first published online: 20 JUN 2011
DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01643.x
© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS
Additional Information
How to Cite
Gravel, D., Guichard, F. and Hochberg, M. E. (2011), Species coexistence in a variable world. Ecology Letters, 14: 828–839. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01643.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 18 JUL 2011
- Article first published online: 20 JUN 2011
- Editor, Jonathan Chase Manuscript received 25 November 2010 First decision made 26 December 2010 Second decision made 20 March 2011 Manuscript accepted 18 May 2011
References
- (2004). Neutral models fail to reproduce observed species-area and species-time relationships in Kansas grasslands. Ecology, 85, 1265–1272.
- & (2008). Environmental variation, stochastic extinction, and competitive coexistence. Am. Nat., 172, E186–E195.
- , , , & (2006). Climate variability has a stabilizing effect on the coexistence of prairie grasses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 12793–12798.
- , & (2007). A niche for neutrality. Ecol. Lett., 10, 95–104.
- , & (2010). Coexistence of perennial plants: an embarrassment of niches. Ecol. Lett., 13, 1019–1029.
- , , , , & (2010). A multi-trait approach reveals the structure and the relative importance of intra- versus interspecific variability. Funct. Ecol., 24, 1192–1201.
- & (2000). Fluctuating environments and phytoplankton community structure: a stochastic model. Am. Nat., 155, 556–569.
- & (1980). Competitive exclusion. Am. Nat., 115, 151–170.
- (1960). Stochastic Population Models in Ecology and Epidemiology. Methuen, London.
- & (1987). Individual variation and competitor coexistence: a model. Funct. Ecol., 1, 237–241.
- (2000). The distribution of abundance in neutral communities. Am. Nat., 155, 606–617.
- (2001). Ecology – neutral macroecology. Science, 293, 2413–2418.
- , , , , , et al. (2007). Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol., 22, 148–155.
- (1992). Population viability analysis. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 23, 481–506.
- (2007). Drought mediates the importance of stochastic community assembly. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 17430–17434.
- & (2003). Ecological Niches: Linking Classical and Contemporary Approaches. Chicago University Press, Chicago.
- (1985). Coexistence of competitors in spatially and temporally varying environments: a look at the combined effects of different sorts of variability. Theor. Popul. Biol., 28, 263–287.
- (1994). Multispecies competition in variable environments. Theor. Popul. Biol., 45, 227–276.
- (2000a). Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 31, 343.
- (2000b). General theory of competitive coexistence in spatially-varying environments. Theor. Popul. Biol., 58, 211–237.
- & (1981). Environmental variability promotes coexistence in lottery competitive-systems. Am. Nat., 117, 923–943.
- , , & (2005). Scale transition theory for understanding mechanisms in metacommunities. In: Metacommunities: Spatial Dynamics and Ecological Communities (eds Holyoak, M., Leibold, M.A. & Holt, R.D.). Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp. 279–306.
- (2009). Beyond neutral science. Trends Ecol. Evol., 24, 8–15.
- (2010). Individuals and the variation needed for high species diversity in forest trees. Science, 327, 1129–1132.
- & (2003). Stability of forest biodiversity. Nature, 423, 635–638.
- , , , , , et al. (2007). Resolving the biodiversity paradox. Ecol. Lett., 10, 647–659.
- , , , , , et al. (2010). High-dimensional coexistence based on individual variation: a synthesis of evidence. Ecol. Monogr., 80, 569–608.
- (2005). A new sampling formula for neutral biodiversity. Ecol. Lett., 8, 253–260.
- & (2002). Demographic stochasticity and the variance reduction effect. Ecology, 83, 1928–1934.
- & (1992). Survival of small populations under demographic stochasticity. Theor. Popul. Biol., 41, 44–71.
- (1934). The Struggle for Existence. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
- (2007). Coexistence et dynamique d’espèces forestières tolérantes à l’ombre: le cas de l’érable à sucre et du hêtre à grandes feuilles. PhD Dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal.
- , , & (2006). Reconciling niche and neutrality: the continuum hypothesis. Ecol. Lett., 9, 399–409.
- (1917). The niche-relationships of the California Thrasher. Auk, 34, 427–433.
- & (1999). Extinction risk and the 1/f family of noise models. Theor. Popul. Biol., 56, 215–230.
- (1961). The competitive exclusion principle. Science, 131, 1292–1297.
- , & (2000). Extinction risk under coloured environmental noise. Ecography, 23, 177–184.
- (1997). A unified theory of biogeography and relative species abundance and its application to tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Coral Reefs, 16, S9–S21.
- (2001). The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- & (1999). Biodiversity of plankton by species oscillations and chaos. Nature, 402, 407–410.
- & (1997). Extinction risk in a temporally correlated fluctuating environment. Theor. Popul. Biol., 52, 91–100.
- & (2003). Unstructured individual variation and demographic stochasticity. Conserv. Biol., 17, 1170–1172.
- & (2009). Coexistence of annual plants: generalist seed predation weakens the storage effect. Ecology, 90, 170–182.
- (1993). Risks of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochasticity and random catastrophes. Am. Nat., 142, 911–927.
- , & (2003). Stochastic Population Dynamics in Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- & (2009). The importance of niches for the maintenance of species diversity. Nature, 461, 254–U130.
- (1979). Coexistence in a variable environment. Am. Nat., 114, 765–783.
- & (1969). On population growth in randomly varying environment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 62, 1056–1060.
- , , & (2007). Intraspecific variation and species coexistence. Am. Nat., 170, 807–818.
- (1932). The growth of mixed populations: two species competing for a common food supply. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 22, 461–469.
- (1996). Uncertainty and the assessment of extinction probabilities. Ecol. Appl., 6, 1067–1076.
- (1958). Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests. Ecology, 39, 599–619.
- & (1967). The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. Am. Nat., 101, 377–385.
- (1973). Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- (1974). Biological populations with nonoverlapping generations: stable points, stable cycles, and chaos. Science, 186, 645–647.
- & (2008). Extinction risk depends strongly on factors contributing to stochasticity. Nature, 454, 100–103.
- & (2002). How much variance can be explained by ecologists and evolutionary biologists? Oecologia, 132, 492–500.
- & (2002). Coexistence in a metacommunity: The regional similarity hypothesis. American Naturalist, 159, 420–426.
- , & (2003). Consumer-Resource Dynamics. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- & (2010). Field theory for biogeography: a spatially explicit model for predicting patterns of biodiversity. Ecol. Lett., 13, 87–95.
- & (2005). Changes in community size affect the outcome of competition. Am. Nat., 166, 107–111.
- & (2010). Stochastic models of population extinction. Trends Ecol. Evol., 25, 643–652.
- , , , , & (1996). Forest models defined by field measurements: estimation, error analysis and dynamics. Ecol. Monogr., 66, 1–43.
- , & (2003). Variation among individuals, demographic stochasticity, and extinction: response to Kendall and Fox. Conserv. Biol., 17, 1166–1169.
- (1976). A simple model for population dynamics in stochastic environments. Am. Nat., 109, 713–736.
- & (1999). Jensen’s inequality predicts effects of environmental variation. Trends Ecol. Evol., 14, 361–366.
- & (2005). Body doubles. Nature, 433, 111.
- & (2010). On the evidence for species coexistence: a critique of the coexistence program. Ecology, 91, 3153–3164.
- , , & (2010). Experimental evidence for neutral community dynamics governing an insect assemblage. Ecology, 91, 847–857.
- (2004). Plant coexistence and the niche. Trends Ecol. Evol., 19, 605–611.
- & (2003). Local dispersal can facilitate coexistence in the presence of permanent spatial heterogeneity. Ecology Letters, 6, 301–309.
- (1994). Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos. Westview Press, Cambridge.
- (1982). Resource Competition and Community Structure. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- (1978). Does environmental variability limit niche overlap? Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 5085–5089.
- (2006). The consequences of genetic diversity in competitive communities. Ecology, 87, 304–311.
- (2010). Conceptual synthesis in community ecology. Q. Rev. Biol., 85, 183–206.
- , , & (2003). Neutral theory and relative species abundance in ecology. Nature, 424, 1035–1037.
- , , & (2007). Patterns of relative species abundance in rainforests and coral reefs. Nature, 450, 45–49.
- (1956). Vegetation of the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecol. Monogr., 26, 1–80.