The study was supported by a grant from Fertin Pharma A/S, Vejle, Denmark.
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The appetite-suppressant effect of nicotine is enhanced by caffeine†
Article first published online: 18 NOV 2004
DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00389.x
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How to Cite
Jessen, A., Buemann, B., Toubro, S., Skovgaard, I. M. and Astrup, A. (2005), The appetite-suppressant effect of nicotine is enhanced by caffeine. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 7: 327–333. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00389.x
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Publication History
- Issue published online: 18 NOV 2004
- Article first published online: 18 NOV 2004
- Received 5 December 2003; returned for revision 15 March 2004; revised version accepted 12 April 2004
- Abstract
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Keywords:
- appetite;
- caffeine;
- hunger;
- nicotine;
- satiety;
- visual analogue scale
Aim: To test whether the anorectic effect of nicotine may be amplified by caffeine.
Methods: Chewing gums with nicotine and caffeine were administered to 12 healthy young men of normal weight. Different combinations of 0, 1 or 2 mg of nicotine and 0, 50 or 100 mg of caffeine were applied during a 2-h period in a randomized, double blind, cross over design. Appetite sensations were measured using visual analogue scales.
Results: Hunger and prospective food consumption were negatively associated with the increasing doses of nicotine, whereas satiety and fullness were positively associated with the increasing doses of nicotine (p < 0.05). Caffeine appeared to amplify the effects of nicotine on hunger and fullness as a caffeine × nicotine × time interaction was observed in these scores (p < 0.05). The 2-mg dose of nicotine in combination with the 100-mg dose of caffeine caused nausea in four of the non-smokers. However, the effects of nicotine and the caffeine × nicotine × time interaction persisted after the exclusion of these subjects.
Conclusion: Caffeine added to nicotine chewing gum appears to amplify its attenuating effects on appetite and the combinations of 1-mg of nicotine with caffeine seem to be well tolerated.