Funding support: This work was partially funded by the Beef Checkoff, through the National Cattlemen's Beef Association (NCBA), and by the Danish Agriculture & Food Council; however, these organizations did not contribute to the writing, analysis or interpretation of research findings.
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Red meat and colorectal cancer: a critical summary of prospective epidemiologic studies
Article first published online: 21 JUL 2010
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00785.x
© 2010 The Authors. obesity reviews © 2010 International Association for the Study of Obesity
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How to Cite
Alexander, D. D. and Cushing, C. A. (2011), Red meat and colorectal cancer: a critical summary of prospective epidemiologic studies. Obesity Reviews, 12: e472–e493. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00785.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 19 APR 2011
- Article first published online: 21 JUL 2010
- Received 30 March 2010; revised 7 June 2010; accepted 9 June 2010
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Keywords:
- Colorectal cancer;
- diet;
- epidemiology;
- nutrition
Summary
Meat consumption and cancer has been evaluated in hundreds of epidemiologic studies over the past three decades; however, the possible role of this food group on carcinogenesis is equivocal. In this comprehensive review, the currently available epidemiologic prospective studies of red meat intake and colorectal cancer are summarized to provide a greater understanding of any potential relationships. Specifically, salient demographic, methodological and analytical information is synthesized across 35 prospective studies. Collectively, associations between red meat consumption and colorectal cancer are generally weak in magnitude, with most relative risks below 1.50 and not statistically significant, and there is a lack of a clear dose–response trend. Results are variable by anatomic tumour site (colon vs. rectum) and by gender, as the epidemiologic data are not indicative of a positive association among women while most associations are weakly elevated among men. Colinearity between red meat intake and other dietary factors (e.g. Western lifestyle, high intake of refined sugars and alcohol, low intake of fruits, vegetables and fibre) and behavioural factors (e.g. low physical activity, high smoking prevalence, high body mass index) limit the ability to analytically isolate the independent effects of red meat consumption. Because of these factors, the currently available epidemiologic evidence is not sufficient to support an independent positive association between red meat consumption and colorectal cancer.