REVIEW ARTICLE

You have free access to this content

Acne sans P. acnes

B. Shaheen,
M. Gonzalez

Article first published online: 28 MAR 2012

DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04516.x

Issue

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology

Volume 27, Issue 1, pages 1–10, January 2013

Additional Information

How to Cite

Shaheen, B. and Gonzalez, M. (2013), Acne sans P. acnes. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 27: 1–10. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04516.x

Author Information

Department of Dermatology, Cardiff University, Cardiff

^* B. Shaheen. E-mail:babar524@hotmail.com

Conflict of interest None.

Publication History

Issue published online: 18 DEC 2012
Article first published online: 28 MAR 2012
Received: 9 May 2011; Accepted: 20 February 2012

ARTICLE TOOLS

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (237K)

References

1
Shaheen B, Gonzalez M. A microbial aetiology of acne: what is the evidence? Br J Dermatol 2011; 165: 474–485.
Direct Link:
2
Kurokawa I, Danby F, Ju Q et al. New developments in our understanding of acne pathogenesis and treatment. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18: 821–832.
Direct Link:
3
Bhambri S, Del Rosso JQ, Bhambri A. Pathogenesis of acne vulgaris: recent advances. J Drugs Dermatol 2009; 8: 615–618.
- PubMed,
- Web of Science® Times Cited: 12
4
Lee DJ, Van Dyke GS, Kim J. Update on pathogenesis and treatment of acne. Curr Opin Pediatr 2003; 15: 405–410.
5
McDowell A, Valanne S, Ramage G et al. Propionibacterium acnes types I and II represent phylogenetically distinct groups. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 326–334.
6
Lomholt HB, Kilian M. Population genetic analysis of Propionibacterium acnes identifies a subpopulation and epidemic clones associated with acne. PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e12277.
7
Brzuszkiewicz E, Weiner J, Wollherr A et al. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics of Propionibacterium acnes. PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21581.
8
Leyden J, McGinley K, Vowels B. Propionibacterium acnes colonization in acne and nonacne. Dermatology 1998; 196: 55–58.
9
Puhvel S, Barfatani M, Warnick M, Sternberg T. Study of antibody levels to corynebacterium acnes. In the serum of patients with acne vulgaris, using bacterial agglutination, agar gel immunodiffusion, and immunofluorescence techniques. Arch Dermatol 1964; 90: 421–427.
10
Basal E, Jain A, Kaushal GP. Antibody response to crude cell lysate of propionibacterium acnes and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with acne and normal healthy subjects. J Microbiol 2004; 42: 117–125.
11
Ingham E, Gowland G, Ward R, Holland K, Cunliffe W. Antibodies to P. acnes and P. acnes exocellular enzymes in the normal population at various ages and in patients with acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 1987; 116: 805–812.
Direct Link:
12
Cove J, Cunliffe W, Holland K. Acne vulgaris: is the bacterial population size significant? Br J Dermatol 1980; 102: 277–280.
Direct Link:
13
Leyden J, McGinley K, Mills O, Kligman A. Propionibacterium levels in patients with and without acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 1975; 65: 382–384.
14
Gowland G, Ward R, Holland K, Cunliffe W. Cellular immunity to P. acnes in the normal population and patients with acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 1978; 99: 43–47.
Direct Link:
15
Webster G, Graber E. Antibiotic treatment for acne vulgaris. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2008; 27: 183–187.
16
Cunliffe W, Holland D, Jeremy A. Comedone formation: etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment. Clin Dermatol 2004; 22: 367–374.
- CrossRef,
- Web of Science® Times Cited: 21
17
Knaggs H, Holland D, Morris C, Wood E, Cunliffe W. Quantification of cellular proliferation in acne using the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102: 89–92.
18
Hughes B, Morris C, Cunliffe W, Leigh I. Keratin expression in pilosebaceous epithelia in truncal skin of acne patients. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134: 247–256.
Direct Link:
19
Lucky A, Biro F, Huster G, Leach A, Morrison J, Ratterman J. Acne vulgaris in premenarchal girls. An early sign of puberty associated with rising levels of dehydroepiandrosterone. Arch Dermatol 1994; 130(3): 308–314.
20
Stewart M, Downing D, Cook J, Hansen J, Strauss J. Sebaceous gland activity and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in boys and girls. Arch Dermatol 1992; 128: 1345–1348.
21
Imperato-McGinley J, Gautier T, Cai LQ, Yee B, Epstein J, Pochi P. The androgen control of sebum production. Studies of subjects with dihydrotestosterone deficiency and complete androgen insensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 524–528.
22
Schmidt J, Spona J, Huber J. Androgen receptor in hirsutism and acne. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1986; 22: 206–211.
23
Thiboutot D, Knaggs H, Gilliland K, Lin G. Activity of 5-alpha-reductase and 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the infrainfundibulum of subjects with and without acne vulgaris. Dermatology 1998; 196: 38–42.
24
Miller J, Wojnarowska F, Dowd P et al. Anti-androgen treatment in women with acne: a controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 1986; 114: 705–716.
Direct Link:
25
Goulden V, McGeown C, Cunliffe W. The familial risk of adult acne: a comparison between first-degree relatives of affected and unaffected individuals. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141: 297–300.
Direct Link:
26
He L, Yang Z, Yu H et al. The relationship between CYP17 -34T/C polymorphism and acne in Chinese subjects revealed by sequencing. Dermatology 2006; 212: 338–342.
27
Bekaert C, Song M, Delvigne A. Acne neonatorum and familial hyperandrogenism. Dermatology 1998; 196: 453–454.
28
Akamatsu H, Zouboulis CC, Orfanos CE. Control of human sebocyte proliferation in vitro by testosterone and 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone is dependent on the localization of the sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 99: 509–511.
29
Zouboulis CC, Seltmann H, Neitzel H, Orfanos CE. Establishment and characterization of an immortalized human sebaceous gland cell line (SZ95). J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113: 1011–1020.
30
Chen W, Yang CC, Sheu HM, Seltmann H, Zouboulis CC. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein transcription factors in cultured human sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121: 441–447.
31
Rosenfield RL, Kentsis A, Deplewski D, Ciletti N. Rat preputial sebocyte differentiation involves peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112: 226–232.
32
Trivedi NR, Cong Z, Nelson AM et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors increase human sebum production. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126: 2002–2009.
33
Morello AM, Downing DT, Strauss JS. Octadecadienoic acids in the skin surface lipids of acne patients and normal subjects. J Invest Dermatol 1976; 66: 319–323.
34
Stewart M, Greenwood R, Cunliffe W, Strauss J, Downing D. Effect of cyproterone acetate-ethinyl estradiol treatment on the proportions of linoleic and sebaleic acids in various skin surface lipid classes. Arch Dermatol Res 1986; 278: 481–485.
35
Downing D, Stewart M, Wertz P, Strauss J. Essential fatty acids and acne. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 14: 221–225.
36
Cunliffe W, Shuster S. Pathogenesis of acne. Lancet 1969; 1: 685–687.
37
Letawe C, Boone M, Piérard GE. Digital image analysis of the effect of topically applied linoleic acid on acne microcomedones. Clin Exp Dermatol 1998; 23: 56–58.
Direct Link:
38
Itami S, Inui S. Role of androgen in mesenchymal epithelial interactions in human hair follicle. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2005; 10: 209–211.
39
Cappel M, Mauger D, Thiboutot D. Correlation between serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and dihydrotestosterone and acne lesion counts in adult women. Arch Dermatol 2005; 141: 333–338.
40
Smith TM, Cong Z, Gilliland KL, Clawson GA, Thiboutot DM. Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces lipid production in human SEB-1 sebocytes via sterol response element-binding protein-1. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126: 1226–1232.
41
Wood L, Jackson S, Elias P, Grunfeld C, Feingold K. Cutaneous barrier perturbation stimulates cytokine production in the epidermis of mice. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 482–487.
42
Ingham E, Eady E, Goodwin C, Cove J, Cunliffe W. Pro-inflammatory levels of interleukin-1 alpha-like bioactivity are present in the majority of open comedones in acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98: 895–901.
43
Guy R, Green M, Kealey T. Modeling acne in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 106: 176–182.
44
Leeming J, Holland K, Cunliffe W. The microbial ecology of pilosebaceous units isolated from human skin. J Gen Microbiol 1984; 130: 803–807.
45
Leeming J, Holland K, Cunliffe W. The pathological and ecological significance of microorganisms colonizing acne vulgaris comedones. J Med Microbiol 1985; 20: 11–16.
46
Holland K, Cunliffe W, Roberts C. The role of bacteria in acne vulgaris: a new approach. Clin Exp Dermatol 1978; 3: 253–257.
Direct Link:
47
Greenman J, Holland K, Cunliffe W. Effects of pH on biomass, maximum specific growth rate and extracellular enzyme production by three species of cutaneous propionibacteria grown in continuous culture. J Gen Microbiol 1983; 129: 1301–1307.
48
Lee DY, Yamasaki K, Rudsil J et al. Sebocytes express functional cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides and can act to kill propionibacterium acnes. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128: 1863–1866.
49
Gläser R, Harder J, Lange H, Bartels J, Christophers E, Schröder JM. Antimicrobial psoriasin (S100A7) protects human skin from Escherichia coli infection. Nat Immunol 2005; 6: 57–64.
50
Chronnell CM, Ghali LR, Ali RS et al. Human beta defensin-1 and -2 expression in human pilosebaceous units: upregulation in acne vulgaris lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117: 1120–1125.
51
Lee DY, Huang CM, Nakatsuji T et al. Histone H4 is a major component of the antimicrobial action of human sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129: 2489–2496.
52
Nakatsuji T, Kao MC, Zhang L, Zouboulis CC, Gallo RL, Huang CM. Sebum free fatty acids enhance the innate immune defense of human sebocytes by upregulating beta-defensin-2 expression. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130: 985–994.
53
Nagaoka I, Hirota S, Yomogida S, Ohwada A, Hirata M. Synergistic actions of antibacterial neutrophil defensins and cathelicidins. Inflamm Res 2000; 49: 73–79.
54
Wille JJ, Kydonieus A. Palmitoleic acid isomer (C16:1delta6) in human skin sebum is effective against gram-positive bacteria. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2003; 16: 176–187.
- CAS,
- Web of Science® Times Cited: 48
55
Georgel P, Crozat K, Lauth X et al. A toll-like receptor 2-responsive lipid effector pathway protects mammals against skin infections with gram-positive bacteria. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 4512–4521.
56
Kligman A, Wheatley V, Mills O. Comedogenicity of human sebum. Arch Dermatol 1970; 102: 267–275.
57
Motoyoshi K. Enhanced comedo formation in rabbit ear skin by squalene and oleic acid peroxides. Br J Dermatol 1983; 109: 191–198.
Direct Link:
58
Saint-Leger D, Bague A, Cohen E, Chivot M. A possible role for squalene in the pathogenesis of acne. I. In vitro study of squalene oxidation. Br J Dermatol 1986; 114: 535–542.
Direct Link:
59
Graham G, Farrar M, Cruse-Sawyer J, Holland K, Ingham E. Proinflammatory cytokine production by human keratinocytes stimulated with Propionibacterium acnes and P. acnes GroEL. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150: 421–428.
Direct Link:
60
Jeremy A, Holland D, Roberts S, Thomson K, Cunliffe W. Inflammatory events are involved in acne lesion initiation. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121: 20–27.
61
Watt F. Role of integrins in regulating epidermal adhesion, growth and differentiation. EMBO J 2002; 21: 3919–3926.
62
Jarrousse V, Castex-Rizzi N, Khammari A, Charveron M, Dréno B. Modulation of integrins and filaggrin expression by Propionibacterium acnes extracts on keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299: 441–447.
63
Isard O, Knol AC, Ariès MF et al. Propionibacterium acnes activates the IGF-1/IGF-1R system in the epidermis and induces keratinocyte proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131: 59–66.
64
Luger T, Schwarz T. Evidence for an epidermal cytokine network. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95: 100S–104S.
65
Lomri A, Lemonnier J, Delannoy P, Marie P. Increased expression of protein kinase Calpha, interleukin-1alpha, and RhoA guanosine 5’-triphosphatase in osteoblasts expressing the Ser252Trp fibroblast growth factor 2 receptor Apert mutation: identification by analysis of complementary DNA microarray. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16: 705–712.
Direct Link:
66
Melnik B, Schmitz G. FGFR2 signaling and the pathogenesis of acne. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2008; 6: 721–728.
Direct Link:
67
Groves R, Ross E, Barker J, Ross J, Camp R, MacDonald D. Effect of in vivo interleukin-1 on adhesion molecule expression in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98: 384–387.
68
Lee WJ, Jung HD, Chi SG et al. Effect of dihydrotestosterone on the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in cultured sebocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 302: 429–433.
69
Chrousos GP. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1351–1362.
70
Ganceviciene R, Graziene V, Fimmel S, Zouboulis CC. Involvement of the corticotropin-releasing hormone system in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2009; 160: 345–352.
Direct Link:
71
Slominski A, Zbytek B, Szczesniewski A et al. CRH stimulation of corticosteroids production in melanocytes is mediated by ACTH. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288: E701–E706.
72
Slominski A, Zbytek B, Semak I, Sweatman T, Wortsman J. CRH stimulates POMC activity and corticosterone production in dermal fibroblasts. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 162: 97–102.
73
Ito N, Ito T, Kromminga A et al. Human hair follicles display a functional equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and synthesize cortisol. FASEB J 2005; 19: 1332–1334.
74
Kageyama K, Kagaya S, Takayasu S, Hanada K, Iwasaki Y, Suda T. Cytokines induce NF-κB, Nurr1 and corticotropin-releasing factor gene transcription in hypothalamic 4B cells. NeuroImmunoModulation 2010; 17: 305–313.
75
Ganceviciene R, Graziene V, Böhm M, Zouboulis CC. Increased in situ expression of melanocortin-1 receptor in sebaceous glands of lesional skin of patients with acne vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16: 547–552.
Direct Link:
76
Theoharides TC, Singh LK, Boucher W et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability, a possible explanation for its proinflammatory effects. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 403–413.
77
Böhm M, Schiller M, Ständer S et al. Evidence for expression of melanocortin-1 receptor in human sebocytes in vitro and in situ. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118: 533–539.
78
Huang Q, Tatro JB. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone suppresses intracerebral tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta gene expression following transient cerebral ischemia in mice. Neurosci Lett 2002; 334: 186–190.
79
Bhardwaj RS, Schwarz A, Becher E et al. Pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides induce IL-10 production in human monocytes. J Immunol 1996; 156: 2517–2521.
80
Couper KN, Blount DG, Riley EM. IL-10: the master regulator of immunity to infection. J Immunol 2008; 180: 5771–5777.
81
Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Morohashi M. Neuropeptides and sebaceous glands. Eur J Dermatol 2002; 12: 422–427.
82
Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M. Sebaceous glands in acne patients express high levels of neutral endopeptidase. Exp Dermatol 2002; 11: 241–247.
Direct Link:
83
Skoff AM, Zhao C, Adler JE. Interleukin-1alpha regulates substance P expression and release in adult sensory neurons. Exp Neurol 2009; 217: 395–400.
84
Niyonsaba F, Iwabuchi K, Matsuda H, Ogawa H, Nagaoka I. Epithelial cell-derived human beta-defensin-2 acts as a chemotaxin for mast cells through a pertussis toxin-sensitive and phospholipase C-dependent pathway. Int Immunol 2002; 14: 421–426.
85
Niyonsaba F, Someya A, Hirata M, Ogawa H, Nagaoka I. Evaluation of the effects of peptide antibiotics human beta-defensins-1/-2 and LL-37 on histamine release and prostaglandin D(2) production from mast cells. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31: 1066–1075.
Direct Link:
86
Yang D, Chertov O, Bykovskaia SN et al. Beta-defensins: linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6. Science 1999; 286: 525–528.
87
Harder J, Bartels J, Christophers E, Schröder JM. A peptide antibiotic from human skin. Nature 1997; 387: 861.
88
Caillon F, O’Connell M, Eady E et al. Interleukin-10 secretion from CD14+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells is downregulated in patients with acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162: 296–303.
Direct Link:
89
Holland K, Holland D, Cunliffe W, Cutcliffe A. Detection of Propionibacterium acnes polypeptides which have stimulated an immune response in acne patients but not in normal individuals. Exp Dermatol 1993; 2: 12–16.
Direct Link:
90
Puhvel S, Reisner R. The production of hyaluronidase (hyaluronate lyase) by Corynebacterium acnes. J Invest Dermatol 1972; 58: 66–70.
91
Hoffler U, Kohler HC, Adam R, Mauff G. Neuraminidase production of Propionibacterium acnes and related bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1978; 4: 177–179.
Direct Link:
92
Holland C, Mak TN, Zimny-Arndt U et al. Proteomic identification of secreted proteins of Propionibacterium acnes. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10: 230.
93
Webster G, Leyden J, Nilsson U. Complement activation in acne vulgaris: consumption of complement by comedones. Infect Immun 1979; 26: 183–186.
94
Webster G, Leyden J, Norman M, Nilsson U. Complement activation in acne vulgaris: in vitro studies with Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium granulosum. Infect Immun 1978; 22: 523–529.
95
Russell R, McInroy R, Wilkinson P, White R. A lipid chemotactic factor from anaerobic coryneform bacteria including Corynebacterium parvum with activity for macrophages and monocytes. Immunology 1976; 30: 935–949.
96
Webster G, Leyden J. Characterization of serum-independent polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic factors produced by Propionibacterium acnes. Inflammation 1980; 4: 261–269.
97
Nagy I, Pivarcsi A, Koreck A, Széll M, Urbán E, Kemény L. Distinct strains of Propionibacterium acnes induce selective human beta-defensin-2 and interleukin-8 expression in human keratinocytes through toll-like receptors. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124: 931–938.
98
Nagy I, Pivarcsi A, Kis K et al. Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in human sebocytes. Microbes Infect 2006; 8: 2195–2205.
99
Vowels B, Yang S, Leyden J. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines by a soluble factor of Propionibacterium acnes: implications for chronic inflammatory acne. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 3158–3165.
100
Nakatsuji T, Tang DC, Zhang L, Gallo RL, Huang CM. Propionibacterium acnes CAMP factor and host acid sphingomyelinase contribute to bacterial virulence: potential targets for inflammatory acne treatment. PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e14797.
101
Grange PA, Chéreau C, Raingeaud J et al. Production of superoxide anions by keratinocytes initiates P. acnes-induced inflammation of the skin. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5: e1000527.
102
Jugeau S, Tenaud I, Knol A et al. Induction of toll-like receptors by Propionibacterium acnes. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153: 1105–1113.
Direct Link:

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (237K)

JOURNAL TOOLS

JOURNAL MENU

FIND ISSUES

FIND ARTICLES

GET ACCESS

FOR CONTRIBUTORS

ABOUT THIS JOURNAL

SPECIAL FEATURES

Acne sans P. acnes

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology

How to Cite

Author Information

Publication History

ARTICLE TOOLS

References

More content like this

JOURNAL TOOLS

JOURNAL MENU

FIND ISSUES

FIND ARTICLES

GET ACCESS

FOR CONTRIBUTORS

ABOUT THIS JOURNAL

SPECIAL FEATURES

Acne sans P. acnes

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology

How to Cite

Author Information

Publication History

SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

ARTICLE TOOLS

References

More content like this