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Hurt yourself to hurt your enemy: new insights on the function of the bizarre antipredator mechanism in the salamandrid Pleurodeles waltl
Article first published online: 18 AUG 2009
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00631.x
© 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 The Zoological Society of London
Additional Information
How to Cite
Heiss, E., Natchev, N., Salaberger, D., Gumpenberger, M., Rabanser, A. and Weisgram, J. (2010), Hurt yourself to hurt your enemy: new insights on the function of the bizarre antipredator mechanism in the salamandrid Pleurodeles waltl. Journal of Zoology, 280: 156–162. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00631.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 25 JAN 2010
- Article first published online: 18 AUG 2009
- Received 25 May 2009; revised 13 July 2009; accepted 14 July 2009
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Keywords:
- antipredator behaviour;
- urodeles;
- salamander;
- rib
Abstract
The Spanish ribbed newt Pleurodeles waltl shows a bizzare defensive mechanism against predators. X-ray analysis before and after a simulated threat shows that this newt rotates its ribs anteriorly. The maximum measured angle to which the ribs moved was 65°. This forward movement causes the sharply pointed rib tips to lacerate the body wall and project freely from the sides of the trunk as spines. Light microscopy shows the microanatomy, and computed tomography shows the 3D morphology of these unusual weapons. They are ‘spear-shaped’ and hollow proximally, massive distally and are connected to the corresponding vertebra by a well-developed, two-headed joint. The skin in the penetration areas lacks permanent pores through which the ribs could be projected and is pierced de novo by every antipredator posturing. This investigation provides new insight into the functionality of a highly complex, integrated and unusual defensive strategy.