Resource stoichiometry elucidates the structure and function of arbuscular mycorrhizas across scales

Contents

Contents
	Summary	631
I.	Introduction	632
II.	Overview of ecological and evolutionary models from a stoichiometric perspective	632
III.	Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in AM symbioses	634
IV.	Trade balance and thresholds in the AM marketplace	635
V.	Optimal foraging and functional equilibrium in AM symbioses	638
VI.	Fungal life histories and resource utilization	640
VII.	Community feedbacks, co-adaptation and ecosystem consequences	641
VIII.	The scaling-up challenge	643
	Acknowledgements	643
	References	643

Summary

Despite the fact that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations are among the most ancient, abundant and important symbioses in terrestrial ecosystems, there are currently few unifying theories that can be used to help understand the factors that control their structure and function. This review explores how a stoichiometric perspective facilitates integration of three complementary ecological and evolutionary models of mycorrhizal structure and function. AM symbiotic function should be governed by the relative availability of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (trade balance model) and allocation to plant and fungal structures should depend on the availabilities of these resources (functional equilibrium model). Moreover, in an evolutionary framework, communities of plants and AM fungi are predicted to adapt to each other and their local soil environment (co-adaptation model). Anthropogenic enrichment of essential resources in the environment is known to impact AM symbioses. A more predictive theory of AM structure and function will help us to better understand how these impacts may influence plant communities and ecosystem properties.