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Age at menarche and age at menopause in relation to hepatocellular carcinoma in women

  1. Lorelei A. Mucci1,2,
  2. Hannah E. Kuper2,
  3. Rulla Tamimi2,
  4. Pagona Lagiou1,2,
  5. Evangelos Spanos1,
  6. Dimitrios Trichopoulos1,2

Article first published online: 22 DEC 2003

DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00032.x

Issue

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

Volume 108, Issue 3, pages 291–294, March 2001

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How to Cite

Mucci, L. A., Kuper, H. E., Tamimi, R., Lagiou, P., Spanos, E. and Trichopoulos, D. (2001), Age at menarche and age at menopause in relation to hepatocellular carcinoma in women. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 108: 291–294. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00032.x

Author Information

  1. 1

    Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

  2. 2

    Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA

**L.A. Mucci, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 22 DEC 2003
  2. Article first published online: 22 DEC 2003
  3. Accepted 27 September 2000

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Objectives To assess whether age at menarche, age at menopause, parity, and selected blood hormones are associated with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among women.

Design Case–control.

Sample and setting Data collected from 50 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma among women and 62 female controls with minor trauma or surgical conditions who attended one of three hospitals in Athens, Greece between 1995 and 1998.

Methods Researchers collected information on Reproductive variables and assayed sera samples for blood hormone levels and for chronic infection with Hepatitis B and C viruses.

Results Individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma had a lower mean age at menarche and a significantly higher mean age at menopause. After adjusting for potential confounding, age at menopause remained an important and significant predictor, increasing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma 24% for each later year of menopause (P < 0.001). For each year that menarche was delayed, risk of hepatocellular carcinoma declined 21% (P= 0.100). Mean levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and its binding protein were significantly reduced in cases compared with controls, while levels of oestradiol, testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin were somewhat higher among the cases.

Conclusions This study provides indirect, but converging evidence that steroid hormones in general, and oestrogens in particular, play an important role in the aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma among women.

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