Trends and projections of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Latin America
Article first published online: 8 JUN 2011
DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02538.x
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Issue

Liver International
Special Issue: The global health burden of hepatitis C virus infection
Volume 31, Issue Supplement s2, pages 18–29, July 2011
Additional Information
How to Cite
Kershenobich, D., Razavi, H. A., Sánchez-Avila, J. F., Bessone, F., Coelho, H. S., Dagher, L., Gonçales, F. L., Quiroz, J. F., Rodriguez-Perez, F., Rosado, B., Wallace, C., Negro, F. and Silva, M. (2011), Trends and projections of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Latin America. Liver International, 31: 18–29. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02538.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 8 JUN 2011
- Article first published online: 8 JUN 2011
- Submitted: 27 March 2011, Accepted: 1 April 2011
Reference
- 1, , , Viral hepatitis C. Lancet 2003; 362: 2095–100.
- 2, Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 745–50.
- 3, , , , et al. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference: management of hepatitis C: 2002. Hepatology 2002; 36: S1–S20.
- 4, , , et al. Applying a system approach to forecast the total HCV-infected population size-Model validation using US data. Liver Int 2011; 31(Suppl. 2): 4–17.
- 5, Low prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies in Mexico: A systematic review. Intervirology 2007; 50: 1–8.
- 6, , , et al. Comparison of second- and third-generation enzyme immunoassays for detecting antibodies to hepatitis C virus. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1656–9.
- 7IMS Health. IMS National Prescription Audit. July 27 2009. Available at http://www.imshealth.com/portal/site/imshealth/menuitem.a46c6d4df3db4b3d88f611019418c22a/?vgnextoid=734eeec5accb2210VgnVCM100000ed152ca2RCRDdvgnextfmt=default.
- 8, , , et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b or alfa-2a with ribavirin for treatment of hepatitis C infection. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 580–93.
- 9, , , et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b and weight-based or flat-dose ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients: a randomized trial. Hepatology 2007; 46: 971–81.
- 10, , , et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 705–14.
- 11
- 12, , , et al. High prevalence of infection with a single hepatitis C virus genotype in a small rural community of Argentina. Liver Int 2006; 26: 660–5.
- 13
- 14
- 15, , , et al. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection in a small town of Argentina. Phylogenetic and Bayesian coalescent analysis. PLoS One 2010; 5: e8751.
- 16, , , et al. HCV infection (HCVI) prevalence in Argentine and impact of unsafe health care parenteral practices (HC-UPP): a seroprevalence survey. Society of General Internal Medicine 28th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 11–14 May 2005. New Orleans, LA, USA: Society of General Internal Medicine. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20(Suppl. 2): 185.
- 17, , , , Efficacy, tolerability and safety in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C with combination of PEG-Interferon-Ribavirin in daily practice. Ann Hepatol 2010; 9: 46–51.
- 18[Epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Argentina] Epidemiologia de hepatitis virales en Argentina. Servicio Hepatitis y Gastroenteritis Departamento Virologia Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI) Administracion Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) ‘Dr Carlos Gregorio Malbran’ 2009. Available at http://www.slidefinder.net/E/EpidHVenArgentinaSiNaVE/3629031 (accessed 6 January 2010).
- 19, , , et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Cordoba, Argentina. Unexpected high prevalence of genotype 2. Medicina (B Aires) 2003; 63: 205–10.
- 20, , , et al. Genomic characterization of hepatitis C virus isolates from Argentina. J Med Virol 1995; 47: 97–104.
- 21Supply of blood for transfusion in the Caribbean and Latin American countries in 2006–2007: progress since 2005 of the regional plan for transfusion safety. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 2009.
- 22, , , et al. The problem of hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors. Clinico-epidemiological, virological and histological evaluation. Medicina (B Aires) 1997; 57: 699–707.
- 23, Statement of the Argentinian Concensus on Hepatitis C 2007. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 2008; 38: 56–74.
- 24, , , et al. Prevalence of hepatitis viruses in an anti-human immunodeficiency virus-positive population from Argentina. A multicentre study. J Viral Hepatol 1999; 6: 53–7.Direct Link:
- 25, Analysis of a national serological survey for diseases transmitted by blood transfusion. Medicina (B Aires) 1993; 53: 491–6.
- 26Transfusion medicine in the Caribbean countries, 2000. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 2002.
- 27Medicina transfusional en los países del Caribe y Latinoamérica, 2000–2003. [Transfusion medicine in the Caribbean and Latin American Countries, 2001–2003]. Washington, DC: Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2005.
- 28, , , et al. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus isolates from Argentine patients: a six-year retrospective study. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 4560–8.
- 29, , , , Hepatitis C virus infection in infants and children from Argentina. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1199–202.
- 30, , , et al. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus strains from Argentina. Medicina (B Aires) 1998; 58: 153–9.
- 31, , , et al. Hepatitis C viral load is increased and related to genotype 1 in HCV+/HIV+co-infection compared with HCV+non-coinfected patients. Abstract # 598. Hepatology 2003; 38: 449A.
- 32, , , et al. Genotype characterization of hepatitis C virus infection in children. Medicina (B Aires) 2001; 61: 815–20.
- 33, , , , Diversity of hepatitis C virus genotype 1b in Buenos Aires, Argentina: description of a new cluster associated with response to treatment. J Med Virol 2008; 80: 619–27.
- 34, , Hepatotropic viruses in the Brazilian Amazon: a health threat. Braz J Infect Dis 2008; 12: 253–6.
- 35Guia de vigilância epidemiológica (Guide to epidemiology surveillance), 7th ed. Brasil: Ministerio da Saude. Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude. Departamento de DST A e H V pp. 23–46.
- 36Clinical guidelines for hepatitis C 2007, Dispoe sobre Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Hepatite Viral C. 2007. Report No.: Portaria No. 34, de 28 de Setembro de 2007; ID606503-0. Brasil: Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude. Departamento de DST AeHVPNpaPeoCdHV.
- 37, , , et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C in Brazilian army conscripts in 2002: a cross-sectional study. Braz J Infect Dis 2005; 9: 374–83.
- 38, , , et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in urban and rural populations of northeast Brazil-pilot study. Arq Gastroenterol 1995; 32: 168–71.
- 39
- 40, Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in southern Brazil: a case-control study. BMC Gastroenterol 2002; 2: 18.
- 41
- 42, , , A population-based survey of the prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections, and associated risk factors among young women in Vitoria, Brazil. AIDS Behav 2008; 12: S25–S31.
- 43
- 44, , , et al. Short report: prevalence of hepatitis C viral antibody among Brazilian children, adolescents, and street youths. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995; 53: 654–5.
- 45, , , Progression of liver fibrosis in blood donors infected with hepatitis C virus. Rom J Gastroenterol 2004; 13: 291–7.
- 46
- 47, , , et al. Estimated prevalence of viral hepatitis in the general population of the municipality of Sao Paulo, measured by a serologic survey of a stratified, randomized and residence-based population. Braz J Infect Dis 1998; 2: 269–84.
- 48, , , et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in north-eastern Brazil: a population-based study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100: 663–8.
- 49Brazil. Health Ministry. Health Surveillance Secretary. Department of STDs, AaVH, Brasil. Ministerio da Saude.Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude. Departamento de DST, AeHV. [Viral hepatitis in numbers]. Brazil Minsitry of Health Department of STDs, AIDS and Viral Hepatitis 2010. Available at http://www.aids.gov.br/pagina/hepatites-virais-em-numeros (accessed 9 December 2010).
- 50, , , Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections among individuals in the State of Para. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2008; 41: 334–7.
- 51United Nations: World population prospects: revision Population database ed. United Nations, New York, NY, USA.
- 52
- 53, Seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies among blood donors, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2002; 36: 393–9.
- 54
- 55, Hepatitis C virus infection in the Amazon Brazilian region. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2004; 37 (Suppl. 2): 1–8.
- 56, , Hepatitis B and C serologic markers in blood donors of the Ribeirao Preto Blood Center. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2005; 38: 488–92.
- 57
- 58, , , , Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus markers among blood donors in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1998–2005. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101: 673–6.
- 59, , , , Prevalence of hepatitis B and C serological markers among first-time blood donors in Brazil: a multi-center serosurvey. J Med Virol 2008; 80: 53–7.
- 60, , , et al. High prevalence of genotype 1 in individuals with hepatitis C in Belo Horizonte, MG. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2008; 41: 238–42.
- 61, , , et al. High proportion of hepatitis C virus genotypes 1 and 3 in a large cohort of patients from Southern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102: 867–70.
- 62
- 63, , , et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in blood donors from the Federal District, Central Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99: 895–7.
- 64
- 65, , , et al. Geographic distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38: 41–9.
- 66, , , et al. Chronic hepatitis C infection: influence of the viral load, genotypes, and GBV-C/HGV coinfection on the severity of the disease in a Brazilian population. J Med Virol 2002; 67: 27–32.
- 67, , , et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in a northeastern area of Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 62: 257–60.
- 68, , , et al. Distribution of HCV genotypes among different exposure categories in Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res 1999; 32: 279–82.
- 69, , , et al. HCV infection in northeastern Brazil: unexpected high prevalence of genotype 3a and absence of African genotypes. Arq Gastroenterol 2000; 37: 213–6.
- 70, , , et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Southern Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res 1996; 29: 1629–32.
- 71Brasil.Ministerio da Saude.Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude.Departamento de DST AeHV. [Hepatitis C-Distribution of confirmed cases in Brazil by region, 1980-2005]. Brasil Ministério da Saúde Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude Departamento de DST,Aids e Hepatites Virais 2010. Available at http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/hepatite_C_2006.pdf.
- 72Brasil. Ministerio da Saude, Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude, Departamento de DST AeHV. [Hepatitis, by region/by state and year, Brazil, from 1999 to 2007. Tables and graphs]. Brasil Ministério da Saúde Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude Departamento de DST, Aids e Hepatites Virais 2009. Available at http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/situacao_epidemiologica.pdf.
- 73, , , et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C among Mexican adults: an emerging public health problem? Salud pública Méx 2007; 49: s395–s403.
- 74, , , et al. Epidemiologic and situational panorama of hepatitis C in Mexico. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2005; 70: 25–32.
- 75, , , et al. Genotyping of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in infected patients from Northeast Mexico. Ann Hepatol 2008; 7: 144–7.
- 76Seropositivity of HIV, HBV, HCV and Treponema pallidum in blood donors in southeast Mexico. Rev Invest Clin 2006; 58: 567–72.
- 77, , , et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in the blood bank at Centro Medico Nacional La Raza. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2006; 44: 227–33.
- 78, , , et al. Performance of the serologic and molecular screening of blood donations for the hepatitis B and C viruses in a Mexican Transfusion Center. Ann Hepatol 2005; 4: 275–8.
- 79, , Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV among blood donors in Irapuato, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2003; 45 (Suppl. 5): S690–S693.
- 80, , , , Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis C in blood donors. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2002; 67: 11–6.
- 81, , , et al. Hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV-RNA) in blood donors and family members seropositive for anti-HCV antibodies. Arch Med Res 2001; 32: 442–5.
- 82, , , , The prevalence of hepatitis B and C in blood donors in a 3rd-level hospital of Mexico City. Salud Publica Mex 1999; 41: 475–8.
- 83
- 84, Prevalence of viral antibodies and syphilis serology in blood donors from a hospital. Rev Invest Clin 1997; 49: 475–80.
- 85
- 86
- 87
- 88
- 89, , , et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C infection in a population of asymptomatic people in a checkup unit in Mexico city. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50: 733–7.
- 90, , , , Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in the Mexican population: a systematic review. J Infect 2008; 56: 281–90.
- 91, , Prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Mexican patients. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 2007; 72: 344–8.
- 92, , , , Distribution of HCV genotypes and HCV RNA viral load in different regions of Mexico. Ann Hepatol 2010; 9: 33–9.
- 93, , , et al. Seroepidemiology of viral hepatitis, HIV and herpes simplex type 2 in the household population aged 21–64 years in Puerto Rico. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 76.
- 94, , , Prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus genotypes among patients between 21 to 65 years old in Puerto Rico. P R Health Sci J 2004; 23: 49–56.
- 95, , , et al. Prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C virus infection among street-recruited injection drug users in San Juan, Puerto Rico. J Urban Health 2006; 83: 1105–13.
- 96
- 97
- 98, , , et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus infection among women attending prenatal clinics in San Juan, Puerto Rico, from 1989-1990. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 75–8.
- 99, , , , Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus and associated risk behaviours: a population-based study in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 34: 593–9.
- 100, , , et al. Between-city variation in frequency of injection among Puerto Rican injection drug users: East Harlem, New York, and Bayamon, Puerto Rico. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 27: 405–13.
- 101, , , et al. Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods: comparing HIV-related risk behaviors among Puerto Rican drug users in Puerto Rico and New York. Subst Use Misuse 2003; 38: 1–24.
- 102, , , et al. Trends in HIV seroprevalence and needle sharing among Puerto Rican drug injectors in Puerto Rico and New York: 1992–1999. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 26: 164–9.
- 103, , , et al. Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen State Hospital, Lima, Peru. Perfil epidemiológico y clínico de la hepatitis crónica C en el Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, 2004, Lima-Peru, Conversation with: Razavi HA, Center for Disease Analysis, Kromite, Louisville, Colorado, USA, 2010.
- 104, , , et al. Prevalence of anti hepatitis C antibodies in patients with chronic renal failure receiving conservative therapy. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2006; 26: 265–70.
- 105, , Risk factors for hepatitis C in hemodialysis and its impact on the waiting list for kidney transplantation. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2005; 25: 12–8.
- 106, , , et al. Serologic prevalence of HCV antibodies in health personnel in Peru. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2004; 24: 13–20.
- 107, , , et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in female sexual workers from northern Lima. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2003; 23: 265–8.
- 108Seroepidemiological study of heaptitis C in hemodialysis. Lima, Peru: Universidad Nacional Mayer de San Marcos (Lima), Faculty of Medicine Graduate School, 2002.
- 109, , , et al. Hepatitis C in Peru: risk factors for infection, potential iatrogenic transmission, and genotype distribution. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 63: 242–8.
- 110, Prevalence of viral hepatitis type C in blood donors in Peru. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2003; 23: 171–6.
- 111, , , et al. Genotipo predominante del virus hepatitis C en el Peru. Peru: Revista de Gastroenterolgia del Peru, 2000.
- 112, , , et al. Incidencia del virus de hepatitis c en etnias Yukpas y Bari de La Sierra de Perijá. Estado Zulia. Venezuela. Sociedad Venezolana de Microbiología 2005. Available at http://caibco.ucv.ve/caibco/vitae/VitaeVeinticinco/JornadaMicrobiologia/ArchivosHTML/VI-013.pdf
- 113, , , et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients of the Regional Viral Reference Laboratory (Maracaibo, Venezuela). Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2005; 25: 248–53.
- 114, , Seroprevalence of anti-VHC, coexistence of Ag-HBs, anti-HBc and HIV and a risk factor anti-VHC donors. Postgrad Med Bull 2003; XIX No.1: 9–17.
- 115
- 116, , , , Hepatitis C virus genotype 1 frequency has not varied in Venezuela. Rev Colomb Gastroenterol 2009; 24: 256–8.
- 117, Replacement of hepatitis C virus genotype 1b by genotype 2 over a 10-year period in Venezuela. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41: 518–20.
- 118, Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viruses: a global overview. Clin Liver Dis 2010; 14: 1–21.
- 119
- 120
- 121, , , , Comparison of prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies in differing South American populations. J Med Virol 1996; 50: 188–92.
- 122

1478-3231/asset/LIV_left.gif?v=1&s=85fae709761c931e1b1f055c02ebb481958f0f73)