Alcohol, Signaling, and ECM Turnover
Article first published online: 23 OCT 2009
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01060.x
Copyright © 2009 by the Research Society on Alcoholism. No claim to original U.S. government works
Additional Information
How to Cite
Seth, D., D’Souza El-Guindy, N. B., Apte, M., Mari, M., Dooley, S., Neuman, M., Haber, P. S., Kundu, G. C., Darwanto, A., De Villiers, W. J., Vonlaufen, A., Xu, Z., Phillips, P., Yang, S., Goldstein, D., Pirola, R. M., Wilson, J. S., Moles, A., Fernández, A., Colell, A., García-Ruiz, C., Fernández-Checa, J. C., Meyer, C. and Meindl-Beinker, N. M. (2010), Alcohol, Signaling, and ECM Turnover. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34: 4–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01060.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 17 DEC 2009
- Article first published online: 23 OCT 2009
- Received for publication June 3, 2009; accepted August 20, 2009.
References
- , , , , (1994) Inactivation of Kupffer cells prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury. Hepatology 20:453–460.
- , , , , (2002) Osteopontin modulates prostate carcinoma invasive capacity through RGD-dependent upregulation of plasminogen activators. Biological Chemistry 383:229–234.
- , , , , (2005b) Role of osteopontin in hepatic neutrophil infiltration during alcoholic steatohepatitis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 207:25–38.
- , , , , , , , (1998) Periacinar stellate shaped cells in rat pancreas – identification, isolation, and culture. Gut 43:128–133.
- , , , , , , , (1999) Pancreatic stellate cells are activated by proinflammatory cytokines: implications for pancreatic fibrogenesis. Gut 44:534–541.
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (2004) Desmoplastic reaction in pancreatic cancer: role of pancreatic stellate cells. Pancreas 29:179–187.
- , , (2005a) Molecular mechanisms of alcoholic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 23:232–240.
- , , (2006) Battle-scarred pancreas: role of alcohol and pancreatic stellate cells in pancreatic fibrosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(Suppl. 3):S97–S101.
- , , , , , , , , (2008) Molecular requirements for induction of CTGF expression by TGFbeta1 in primary osteoblasts. Bone 42:871–885.
- (2008) New role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in alcohol-induced liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23(Suppl. 1):S54–S59.
- (1995) Collagenases and liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 22(Suppl. 2):43–48.
- (2000) Fibrogenesis II. Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 279:G245–G249.
- , (2001) Role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in acetaldehyde-induced disruption of epithelial tight junctions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280:G1280–G1288.
- , , , , , , , , (2005) Pancreatic carcinoma cells induce fibrosis by stimulating proliferation and matrix synthesis of stellate cells. Gastroenterology 128:907–921.
- , , , , , , , , , (1998) Identification, culture, and characterization of pancreatic stellate cells in rats and humans. Gastroenterology 115:421–432.
- , , (2008) Innate immune functions of the airway epithelium. Contrib Microbiol 15:147–163.
- , , , , , , (2007) Prominent contribution of portal mesenchymal cells to liver fibrosis in ischemic and obstructive cholestatic injuries. Lab Invest 87:292–303.
- , , , , (2008) Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs): multifunctional proteins in cancer. Nature Review Cancer Research 8:212–226.
- , (1991) Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia and the multistage nature of cancer. Cell 66:831–834.
- , , , , (2006) Critical role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 316:592–600.
- , , , , , , , , (2004) The molecular basis of pancreatic fibrosis: common stromal gene expression in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 29:254–263.
- , , , (2009) Alcohol abuse and pulmonary disease. J Leukoc Biol [Epub ahead of print]. DOI: DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0209087.
- , , , , (2005) Anti-TGF-beta strategies for the treatment of chronic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29(11 Suppl.):121S–131S.
- , , , (2007a) Glutathione availability modulates alveolar macrophage function in the chronic ethanol-fed rat. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 292:L824–L832.
- , , , (2007b) Alveolar type II cells from ethanol-fed rats produce a fibronectin-enriched extracellular matrix that promotes monocyte activation. Alcohol 41:317–324.
- , , , (2007) Increased fribronectin expression in lung in the setting of chronic alcohol abuse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31:675–683.
- , , , , , (1994) Acetaldehyde regulates the gene expression of matrixmetalloproteinase-1 and -2 in human fat-storing cells. Life Sci 55:1311–1316.
- , , (2006) Novel functions of TIMPs in cell signaling. Cancer Metastasis Rev 25:99–113.
- , , , , (1996) Analysis of risk factors in a cluster of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Arch Environ Health 51:242–244.
- , , (2007) Acute alcohol intake impairs lung inflammation by changing pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator balance. Alcohol Alcohol 41:335–345.
- , , , (1996) Alcohol modulates alveolar macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha, superoxide anion, and nitric oxide secretion in the rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20:156–163.
- , , (2004) Osteopontin induces AP-1-mediated secretion of urokinase-type plasminogen activator through c-Src-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 279:11051–11064.
- , , , , (2005) Osteopontin: it’s role in regulation of cell motility and nuclear factor kappa B-mediated urokinase type plasminogen activator expression. IUBMB Life 57:441–447. Direct Link:
- , , , , (2000) Modulation of transforming growth factor beta response and signaling during transdifferentiation of rat hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblasts. Hepatology 31:1094–1106.
- , , , , , , (2001) Transforming growth factor beta signal transduction in hepatic stellate cells via Smad2/3 phosphorylation, a pathway that is abrogated during in vitro progression to myofibroblasts. TGFbeta signal transduction during transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells. FEBS Lett 502:4–10.
- , , , , , , , , , , , , (2008) Hepatocyte-specific Smad7 expression attenuates TGF-beta-mediated fibrogenesis and protects against liver damage. Gastroenterology 135:642–659.
- , , (2009) Hypotheses on the role of transforming growth factor-beta in the onset and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 27:93–101.
- (2007) The genetics of alcohol metabolism: role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase variants. Alcohol Res Health 30:5–13.
- , (2006) Matrix metalloproteinases in destructive pulmonary pathology. Thorax 61:259–266.
- , , (2006) The effect of alcohol abuse on ARDS and multiple organ dysfunction. Minerva Anestesiol 72:375–381.
- , , , , (1995) Ethanol as a possible cofactor in the development of murine AIDS. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:915–922.
- , , , , , , , (2006) Matrix metalloproteinases and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in acute lung injury. Hum Pathol 37:422–430.
- , , , , (1994) Alcoholism and rapid progression to AIDS after seroconversion. Clin Infect Dis 19:337–338.
- , , , , (2004) Immunohistochemical detection of 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine in nuclei of human liver affected by diseases predisposing to hepato-carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 25:1027–1031.
- (1993) Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. The cellular basis of hepatic fibrosis. Mechanisms and treatment strategies. N Engl J Med 328:1828–1835.
- (1999b) The virtuosity of hepatic stellate cells. Gastroenterology 117:1244–1246.
- (2000) Molecular regulation of hepatic fibrosis, an integrated cellular response to tissue injury. J Biol Chem 275:2247–2250.
- , , , (1991) Plasma endotoxin concentrations in patients with alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease: reevaluation with an improved chromogenic assay. J Hepatol 12:162–169.
- , , , , , , , , , , , , (2003) MAPK mediates fibrogenic signal through Smad3 phosphorylation in rat myofibroblasts. Hepatology 38:879–889.
- , , (2006) The effects of alcohol on immunity and bacterial infection in the lung. Mèdecine et maladies infectieuses 36:72–77.
- , , , , , , (2003) Defective TNF-alpha-mediated hepatocellular apoptosis and liver damage in acidic sphingomyelinase knockout mice. J Clin Invest 111:197–208.
- , , , (2005) Laminin-5 with transforming growth factor-beta1 induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 129:1375–1383.
- , , , , , , , , , , (2006) A crucial function of PDGF in TGF-betamediated cancer progression of hepatocytes. Oncogene 25:3170–3185.
- (2006) The Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs Study Group. Liver-related deaths in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: the D:A:D Study. Arch Intern Med 166:1632–1641.
- , , (2007) Matrix metalloproteinases in lung: multiple, multifarious, and multifaceted. Physiol Rev 87:69–98.
- (1999) Acetaldehyde-mediated collagen regulation in hepatic stellate cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23:930–933.
- , (1990) Cellular sources of non-colagenous matrix proteins: role of fat storing cells in fibrogenesis. Semin Liver Dis 10:30–46.
- , (2008) Connective tissue growth factor: a fibrogenic master switch in fibrotic liver diseases. Liver Int 28:1065–1079.
- , , , , , (2008) Intracrine signalling of activin A in hepatocytes upregulates connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) expression. Liver Int 28:1207–1216.
- (1997) Connective tissue growth factor: a mediator of TGF-beta action on fibroblasts. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 8:171–179.
- , , , , , , , , , , (2009) Functional linkage of cirrhosis-predictive single nucleotide polymorphisms of toll-like receptor 4 to hepatic stellate cell responses. Hepatology 49:960–968.
- , , , , , , , , , (1999) Activation of pancreatic stellate cells in human and experimental pancreatic fibrosis. Am J Pathol 155:1087–1095.
- , (2000) Ceramide in the eukaryotic stress response. Trends Cell Biol 10:73–80.
- , (2005) Alcohol, immunosuppression, and the lung. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2:428–432.
- , , , , , , , (2002) The major lipid peroxidation product, trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, preferentially forms DNA adducts at codon 249 of human p53 gene, a unique mutational hotspot in hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 23:1781–1789.
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , (2007) A 7 gene signature identifies the risk of developing cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 46:297–306.
- , , , , , , (1996) A case-control study of myelodysplastic syndromes among Japanese men and women. Leuk Res 20:727–731.
- , , , , (1993) Growth inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) type I is restored in TGF-beta-resistant hepatoma cells after expression of TGF-beta receptor type II cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:5359–5363.
- , , , , , , (2007) Association of chronic alcohol consumption and increased susceptibility to and pathogenic effects of pulmonary infection with respiratory syncytial virus in mice. Alcohol 41:357–369.
- , (2007) The alcoholic lung: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and potential therapies. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 292:L813–L823.
- , , , , , (2007) Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition state in mouse hepatocytes in vitro. J Biol Chem 282:22089–22101.
- , , , , , (2005) Reactive oxygen species promote TNFalpha-induced death and sustained JNK activation by inhibiting MAP kinase phosphatases. Cell 120:649–661.
- , , , , , , , , , , , , (2006) Elevated plasma Osteopontin levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 101:1–9. Direct Link:
- , , , , (2002) ERK1/2 and Egr-1 contribute to increased TNF-alpha production in rat Kupffer cells after chronic ethanol feeding. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282:G6–G15.
- , (2005) Early hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules. Semin Liver Dis 25:133–142.
- , (1998) Regulation of ceramide production and apoptosis. Annu Rev Physiol 60:643–665.
- , , , , , , , , (1998) Connective tissue growth factor mRNA expression is upregulated in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 275(2 Pt 1):L365–L371.
- , , , (2008) Potential relationship between hepatobiliary osteopontin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {alpha} expression following ethanol-associated hepatic injury in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Sci 106:290–299.
- , , , , (2004) Effects and regulation of osteopontin in rat hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Pharmacol 68:2367–2378.
- , , , , , (1994) Tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitors, and activator-inhibitor complex in liver disease. J Clin Pathol 47:214–217.
- , , , (2000) Characterization of IRAK in normal and endotoxin tolerant cells. J Biol Chem 275:2410–2414.
- , (1999) Liver fibrogenesis and the role of hepatic stellate cells: new insihts and prospects for therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:618–633.
- , , , , (1999) Ethanol ingestion increases activation of matrix metalloproteinases in rat lungs during acute endotoxemia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:1354–1360.
- , , (1978) Granulocyte function and levels of immunoglobulins and complements in patients admitted for withdrawal from alcohol. J Infect Dis 138:747–755.
- , , , , (2005) KKβ couplet hepatocyte death to cytokine-driven compensatory proliferation that promotes chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Cell 121:977–990.
- , (2009) Signalling pathways in alcohol-induced liver inflammation. J Hepatol 50:1258–1266.
- , , , , , , (2004) Acidic sphingomyelinase downregulates the liver-specific methionine adenosyltransferase 1A, contributing to tumor necrosis factor-induced lethal hepatitis. J Clin Invest 11:895–904.
- , (2007) Sphingolipid signalling and liver diseases. Liver Int 27:440–450.
- , , , , , (2002) Ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma block activation of pancreatic stellate cells. J Biol Chem 277:141–147.
- , , , (2004) Alcohol exacerbates murine pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect Immun 72:2556–2563.
- , , , , , (2000) Exacerbation of alcoholic liver injury by enteral endotoxin in rats. Hepatology 32:1008–1017.
- , , , , , (2005) Early growth response-1 transcription factor is essential for ethanol-induced fatty liver injury in mice. Gastroenterology 128:2066–2076.
- , (2003) Induction of TNF receptor I-mediated apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes. Cell 114:181–190.
- , , , (2009) Cathepsins B and D drive hepatic stellate cell proliferation and promote their fibrogenic potential. Hepatology 49:1297–1307.
- , , , , (2007) Sphingolipids and cell death. Apoptosis 12:923–939.
- , (2006) Modulation of the immune response by extracellular matrix proteins. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 54:367–374.
- , , , , (1996) The role of chronic alcohol abuse in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults. JAMA 275:50–54.
- , (2008) Dynamic control of TGF-beta signaling and its links to the cytoskeleton. FEBS Lett 582:2051–2065.
- , , (2004) Life and death decisions: secondary complexes and lipid rafts in TNF receptor family signal transduction. Immunity 21:461–465.
- , (2008) Progress in matrix metalloproteinase research. Mol Aspects Med 29:290–308.
- , , , , , , , , , , (1997) Identification of Smad7, a TGF beta-inducible antagonist of TGF-beta signalling. Nature 389:631–635.
- , , (1994) Lactobacillus feeding reduces endotoxemia and severity of experimental alcoholic liver disease. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 205:243–247.
- , (2009) Alcohol-induced modulation of signalling pathways in liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells: implications for immunity. Semin Liver Dis 29:166–177.
- , , (1993) In vitro, assessment of the ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity on Hep G2 cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 197:932–941.
- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (2008) Inflammation and repair in viral hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci 53:1468–1487.
- , , , . (1998) Role of cytokines in ethanol-induced hepatocytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells. Gastroenterology 114:157–169.
- , , , , (1999) Ethanol-induced apoptosis in vitro. Clin Biochem 32:547–555.
- , , (2008) Interfering with extracellular matrix degradation to blunt inflammation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 8:242–248.
- , , , , (2004) Molecular mechanisms for activation and regulation of matrix metalloproteinases during bacterial infections and respiratory inflammation. Biol Chem 385:997–1006.
- , , , , , , , (2002) Dynamics of cytochrome P4502E1 activity in man: induction by ethanol and disappearance during withdrawal phase. J Hepatol 36:47–52.
- , , , , , (2003) Toll-like receptor 4 mediates inflammatory signaling by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 37:1043–1055.
- , , , , , (2002) Effects and regulation of connective tissue growth factor on hepatic stellate cells. Lab Invest 82:767–774.
- , (2001) Oxidative stress-related molecules and liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 35:297–306.
- , , , (2008) Osteopontin expression profiles predict pathological and clinical outcome in breast cancer. Anticancer Res 28:4105–4110.
- , , , , (2005) A mouse model of ethanol dependent pancreatic fibrosis. Gut 54:1461–1467.
- , (2003) Osteopontin induces nuclear factor kappa B-mediated promatrix metalloproteinase-2 activation through I kappa B alpha/IKK signaling pathways, and curcumin (diferulolylmethane) down-regulates these pathways. J Biol Chem 278:14487–14497.
- , , , , (2001) Plasminogen deficiency leads to impaired lobular reorganization and matrix accumulation after chronic liver injury. Am J Pathol 159:2179–2186.
- , (2005) Ethanol-induced liver injury: potential roles for egr-1. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29:146S–150S.
- , , , , , (1999) Activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) via a converging plasmin/stromelysin-1 cascade enhances tumor cell invasion. J Biol Chem 274:13066–13076.
- , , (2005) JNK1 differentially regulates osteopontin-induced nuclear factor-inducing kinase/MEKK1-dependent activating protein-1-mediated promatrix metalloproteinase-9 activation. J Biol Chem 280:19381–19392.
- , , (1979) Collagen types in normal and cirrhotic liver. Gastroenterology 76:710–719.
- (1943) An inquiry into the effects of ardent spirits upon human body and mind. Q J Stud Alcohol 4:321–341.
- , , , , (2004) Upregulation of osteopontin expression is involved in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a dietary murine model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287:G264–G273.
- , , (1997) The impact of alcohol-related diagnoses on pneumonia outcomes. Arch Intern Med 157:1446–1452.
- , , , , , , , , , , (2003) NF-kappaB inhibits TNF-induced accumulation of ROS that mediate prolonged MAPK activation and necrotic cell death. EMBO J 22:3898–3909.
- , , , , (2003) Alcohol consumption and HIV disease progression: are they related? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27:862–867.
- , , , , (1986) Interleukin 2 activity in chronic liver disease and the effect of in vitro alpha interferon. Clin Exp Immunol 63:541–548.
- , , , , (2008) Hospital acquired pneumonia with high-risk bacteria is associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase activity. BMC Pulm Med 12:8–12.
- , (1972) Causes of death of alcoholics. Q J Stud Alcohol 33:171–185.
- , , , , , , , (2001) Autocrine expression of activated transforming growth factor-beta(1) induces apoptosis in normal rat liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280:G139–G148.
- , (2007) Alcohol metabolism and cancer risk. Alcohol Res Health 30:38–41.
- , (2007) The role of acetaldehyde in alcohol-associated cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Novartis Found Symp 285:110–119; discussion 119-114, 198-119.
- , (2007) Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-mediated carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 7:599–612.
- (1996) Interleukin-1 induction of type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) gene expression in the mouse hepatocyte line, AML 12. J Cell Physiol 168:648–656.
- , , , , , , (2007) TLR4 enhances TGF-beta signaling and hepatic fibrosis. Nat Med 13:1324–1332.
- , , , , (2006a) Osteopontin: an early marker for alcoholic liver injury? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30s2(9): 89A.
- , , , , (2006b) Intrahepatic gene expression in human alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 45:306–320.
- , , , , (2008) Direct effects of alcohol on hepatic fibrinolytic balance: implications for alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 48:614–627.
- , , , , , , , , , (2003) Gene expression profiling of alcoholic liver disease in the baboon (Papio hamadryas) and human liver. Am J Pathol 163:2303–2317.
- , , , , , , , , , (2005) The splenic microenvironment is a source of pro-angiogenesis/inflammatory mediators accelerating the expansion of murine erythroleukemic cells. Blood 105:4500–4507.
- , , , (2006) Urokinase-type plasminogen activator supports liver repair independent of its cellular receptor. BMC Gastroenterol 6:40.
- , , , , , (2002) Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 by pancreatic stellate cells and its implications for matrix secretion and turnover in chronic pancreatitis. Am J Pathol 160:1787–1798.
- , , , , , (2001) Effect of alcohol consumption on host release of interleukin-17 during pulmonary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25:872–881.
- , (2003) Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. Cell 113:685–700.
- , , , , , , (2004) GADD34-PP1c recruited by Smad7 dephosphorylates TGFbeta type I receptor. J Cell Biol 164:291–300.
- , , (2005) Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis. Dig Dis Sci 23:264–274.
- , , , , , (2009) Osteopontin deficiency protects from airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness in chronic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179:894–902.
- (2007) Alcohol and airways function in health and disease. Alcohol 41:293–307.
- , , , , , (2005) Inhibition of lymphocyte apoptosis by pancreatic stellate cells: impact of interleukin-15. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 289:G842–G851.
- , (2006) The role of genetic polymorphisms in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Alcohol 41:209–224.
- (2002) Lipopolysaccharides in liver injury: molecular mechanisms of Kupffer cell activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 283:G256–G265.
- , , , , , , , (2005) Early response of alpha2(I) collagen to acetaldehyde in human hepatic stellate cells is TGF-beta independent. Hepatology 42:343–352.
- , , , , , , (2001) Intracellular signaling pathways involved in acetaldehyde-induced collagen and fibronectin gene expression in human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 33:1130–1140.
- , (2009) A recent perspective on alcohol, immunity, and host defense. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 33:220–232.
- , , , , , , (2009) Osteopontin. A fibrosis-related marker molecule in cardiac remodeling of enterovirus myocarditis in the susceptible host. Circ Res 104(7): 851–859.
- , (2008) SnapShot: the TGFbeta pathway interactome. Cell 133:378.
- , (2001) Regulation of lymphocyte proliferation and death by FLIP. Nat Rev Immunol 1:50–58.
- , (2000) Cytokines in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 343:1467–1476.
- , , , (2008) Alcohol induced hepatic fibrosis: role of acetaldehyde. Mol Aspects Med 29:17–21.
- , (2008) Pulmonary defense mechanisms against pneumonia and sepsis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 14:260–265.
- (1993) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and alcoholic liver fibrogenesis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10:465–467.
- , (2003) Dangerous byproducts of alcohol breakdown – focus on adducts. Alcohol Res Health 27:285–290.
- , , , , (2001) Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the mechanism of early alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology 34:101–108.
- , , , , , (2008) Pancreatic stellate cells: partners in crime with pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 68:2085–2093.
- , , , , , , , , , (2007) Bacterial endotoxin - a trigger factor for alcoholic pancreatitis? Findings of a novel physiologically relevant model. Gastroenterology 133:1293–1303.
- , , , , , , (2009) Ethanol exposure impairs LPS-induced pulmonary LIX expression: alveolar epithelial cell dysfunction as a consequence of acute intoxication. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 33:357–365.
- , , (1998b) Chronic alcohol intake reduces retinoic acid concentration and enhances AP-1 (c-jun and c-fos) expression in rat liver. Hepatology 28:744–750.
- , , , , (1998a) NF-kappaB antiapoptosis: induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activation. Science 281:1680–1683.
- , , , , , , , , , , , (2007) Profibrogenic transforming growth factor-beta/activin receptor-like kinase 5 signaling via connective tissue growth factor expression in hepatocytes. Hepatology 46:1257–1270.
- , , , , (2000) Adenovirus can transduce Kupffer cells: role of oxidants in NFkB activation and TNFa production. J Leuk Biol 69:622–630.
- , (2003) Up-regulation of CD14 in liver caused by acute ethanol involves oxidant-dependent AP-1 pathway. J Biol Chem 278:8435–8441.
- WHO (2006) World Health Organization Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004. substance_abuse/publications/global_status_report_2004_overview.
- , , , , , , , (2008) Rac1 signaling regulates CTGF/CCN2 gene expression via TGFbeta/Smad signaling in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 17:406–413.
- , , , (2004) Desensitization of PKA-stimulated ciliary beat frequency in an ethanol-fed rat model of cigarette smoke exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28:998–1004.
- , , , , (2007) Alcohol-induced inflammation makes the lungs refractory to bacterial insult. Alcohol Alcohol 42(Suppl. 1):i43.
- , , , , , (2000) Tolerance and sensitization to endotoxin in Kupffer cells caused by acute ethanol involve interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 277:686–690.
- , , , , , , , , (2001) Interleukin-17 and lung host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 25:335–340.
- , , , , , , (2001) Reduced early alcohol-induced liver injury in CD14-deficient mice. J Immunol 166:4737–4742.
- , , , , , , , , , , (2009) Alcohol and cause-specific mortality in Russia: a retrospective case-control study of 48,557 adult deaths. Lancet 373:2201–2214.
- , , , , , , (2007) Fibroblasts derive from hepatocytes in liver fibrosis via epithelial to mesenchymal transition. J Biol Chem 282:23337–23347.
- , , , , , , , , , (2007) Smad7 antagonizes transforming growth factor beta signaling in the nucleus by interfering with functional Smad-DNA complex formation. Mol Cell Biol 27:4488–4499.
- , , , , , , , , , , , (2006) The prognostic significance of preoperative plasma levels of osteopontin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 132:709–717.
- , (2006) Increased toxicity by transforming growth factor-beta 1 in liver cells overexpressing CYP2E1. Free Radic Biol Med 41:1100–1112.

1530-0277/asset/olbannerleft.gif?v=1&s=2e5fd2ba9d30fe020968aa2d45502ae2c30e70f4)
1530-0277/asset/olbannerright.gif?v=1&s=c16273570372799a0e98ebc8a00aae11b61ab296)
