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The Time Machine in Our Mind
Article first published online: 23 JAN 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01225.x
Copyright © 2012 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.
Additional Information
How to Cite
Stocker, K. (2012), The Time Machine in Our Mind. Cognitive Science, 36: 385–420. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01225.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 4 APR 2012
- Article first published online: 23 JAN 2012
- Received 26 December 2010; received in revised form 26 April 2011; accepted 29 June 2011
Keywords:
- Concept structuring;
- Metaphor;
- Time;
- Space;
- Perspective;
- Mental time travel;
- Mental imagery
Abstract
This article provides the first comprehensive conceptual account for the imagistic mental machinery that allows us to travel through time—for the time machine in our mind. It is argued that language reveals this imagistic machine and how we use it. Findings from a range of cognitive fields are theoretically unified and a recent proposal about spatialized mental time travel is elaborated on. The following novel distinctions are offered: external versus internal viewing of time; ‘‘watching” time versus projective ‘‘travel” through time; optional versus obligatory mental time travel; mental time travel into anteriority or posteriority versus mental time travel into the past or future; single mental time travel versus nested dual mental time travel; mental time travel in episodic memory versus mental time travel in semantic memory; and ‘‘seeing” versus ‘‘sensing” mental imagery. Theoretical, empirical, and applied implications are discussed.