Carbohydrate intake, serum lipids and apolipoprotein E phenotype show association in children

  1. Soile Ruottinen1,
  2. Tapani Rönnemaa2,
  3. Harri Niinikoski3,
  4. Hanna Lagström4,
  5. Maiju Saarinen1,
  6. Katja Pahkala1,5,
  7. Tuuli Kaitosaari1,
  8. Jorma Viikari2,
  9. Olli Simell3,4

Article first published online: 26 JUN 2009

DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01399.x

Issue

Acta Paediatrica

Acta Paediatrica

Volume 98, Issue 10, pages 1667–1673, October 2009

Additional Information

How to Cite

Ruottinen, S., Rönnemaa, T., Niinikoski, H., Lagström, H., Saarinen, M., Pahkala, K., Kaitosaari, T., Viikari, J. and Simell, O. (2009), Carbohydrate intake, serum lipids and apolipoprotein E phenotype show association in children. Acta Paediatrica, 98: 1667–1673. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01399.x

Author Information

  1. 1

    Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

  2. 2

    Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

  3. 3

    Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

  4. 4

    Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

  5. 5

    Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

*Soile Ruottinen, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland. Tel: +358(2)-333-7306 | Fax: +358(2)-233-1126 | Email: soile.ruottinen@utu.fi

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 1 SEP 2009
  2. Article first published online: 26 JUN 2009
  3. Received 27 January 2009; revised 27 March 2009; accepted 1 June 2009.

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Keywords:

  • Apolipoprotein E;
  • Carbohydrates;
  • Children;
  • HDL Cholesterol;
  • Triglycerides

Abstract

Aim:  To study the association between carbohydrate intake and serum lipids in children, and influence of apolipoprotein E phenotype (apoE) on the association.

Subjects/methods:  A total of 644 children from a prospective, randomized atherosclerosis prevention trial (STRIP) participated in this longitudinal study at age 5 (n = 644), 7 (n = 585) and 9 (n = 550) years. ApoE phenotype, fasting triglyceride, total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations and 4-day food records were analysed.

Results:  An increase in the total carbohydrate intake by 1 E% (percentage of total daily energy intake) associated with a decrease in HDL cholesterol by 0.006 mmol/L (p < 0.001) when adjusted for saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid, age, gender, body mass index and STRIP study group. The inverse association between total carbohydrate intake and HDL cholesterol was evident in children with apoE3 (p < 0.001) or apoE4 (p < 0.001), but not in those with apoE2 (p = 0.78). An increase in total carbohydrate intake by 1 E% increased triglycerides by 0.02 mmol/L (p < 0.001) independently of apoE phenotype, while 1 E% increase in sucrose intake increased triglycerides by 0.01 mmol/L (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Carbohydrate intake has a relatively small effect on serum lipids in children. Children with the apoE3 or E4 but not with E2 phenotype show reduction in HDL cholesterol with increasing carbohydrate intake indicating that genetic and environmental factors interact with children’s lipoprotein metabolism.

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