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Abstract

This article surveys trends in criticism on three-dimensional visual culture in the early nineteenth century. Romanticists and Victorianists, inspired by Jonathan Crary's groundbreaking study Techniques of the Observer, have become fascinated by visual technologies such as panoramas, magic lanterns, kaleidoscopes and stereoscopes as well as other forms of viewing. Engagements with these technologies inspired Gothic doublings, subjective vision and experiments with multiple subjectivities. Conceptions of subjectivity at this time not only came to be formulated in new ways, but seeing, perspective and point of view were crucial in shaping these transformations.