Original Article

You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article

Fat and bone in children: Differential effects of obesity on bone size and mass according to fracture history

  1. Paul Dimitri1,*,
  2. Jerry K Wales2,
  3. Nick Bishop2

Article first published online: 18 MAR 2010

DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.090823

Issue

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

Volume 25, Issue 3, pages 527–536, March 2010

Additional Information

How to Cite

Dimitri, P., Wales, J. K. and Bishop, N. (2010), Fat and bone in children: Differential effects of obesity on bone size and mass according to fracture history. J Bone Miner Res, 25: 527–536. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.090823

Author Information

  1. 1

    Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom

  2. 2

    Academic Unit of Child Health, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom

*Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK.

Publication History

  1. Issue published online: 18 MAR 2010
  2. Article first published online: 18 MAR 2010
  3. Accepted manuscript online: 27 JAN 2010 12:00AM EST
  4. Manuscript Accepted: 27 AUG 2009
  5. Manuscript Revised: 13 JUL 2009
  6. Manuscript Received: 14 MAY 2009

SEARCH

SEARCH BY CITATION

ARTICLE TOOLS

View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (227K)

References

  • 1
    World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organization technical report series 894. Geneva: WHO; 2000.
  • 2
    Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R. International Obesity Task Force. Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obesity Rev. 2004; 5: 4–104.
    Direct Link:
  • 3
    Clark EM, Ness AR, Bishop NJ, Tobias JH. Association between bone mass and fractures in children: a prospective cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2006; 21: 1489–1495.
    Direct Link:
  • 4
    Reid IR, Plank LD, Evans MC. Fat mass is an important determinant of whole body bone density in premenopausal women but not in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992; 75: 779–782.
  • 5
    Reid IR, Evans MC, Ames RW. Volumetric bone density of the lumbar spine is related to fat mass but not lean mass in normal postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 1994; 4: 362–367.
  • 6
    Goulding A, Taylor RW, Grant AM, Murdoch L, Williams SM, Taylor BJ. Relationship of total body fat mass to bone area in New Zealand five-year-olds. Calcif Tissue Int. 2008; 82: 293–299.
  • 7
    Clark EM, Ness AR, Tobias JH. and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study. Adipose tissue stimulates bone growth in prepubertal children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91: 2534–2541.
  • 8
    Goulding A, Grant AM, Williams SM. Bone and body composition of children and adolescents with repeated forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2005; 20: 2090–2096.
    Direct Link:
  • 9
    Goulding A, Jones IE, Taylor RW, Williams SM, Manning PJ. Bone mineral density and body composition in boys with distal forearm fractures: a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry study. J Pediatr. 2001; 139: 509–515.
  • 10
    Goulding A, Cannan R, Williams SM, Gold EJ, Taylor RW, Lewis B. Bone mineral density in girls with forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1998; 13: 143–148.
    Direct Link:
  • 11
    Goulding A, Taylor RW, Jones IE, Manning PJ, Williams SM. Spinal overload: a concern for obese children and adolescents? Osteoporos Int. 2002; 13: 835–840.
  • 12
    Goulding A, Jones IE, Taylor RW, Manning PJ, Williams SM. More broken bones: a 4-year double cohort study of young girls with and without distal forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2000; 15: 2011–2018.
    Direct Link:
  • 13
    Manias K, McCabe D, Bishop N. Fractures and recurrent fractures in children: varying effects of environmental factors as well as bone size and mass. Bone. 2006; 39: 652–657.
  • 14
    Carter DR, Bouxsein ML, Marcus R. New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry data. J Bone Miner Res. 1992; 7: 137–145.
    Direct Link:
  • 15
    Kröger H, Kotaniemi A, Vainio P, Alhava E. Bone densitometry of the spine and femur in children by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone Miner. 1992; 17: 75–85.
  • 16
    Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child. 1995; 73: 25–29.
  • 17
    Godin G, Shephard RJ. A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1985; 10: 141–146.
  • 18
    Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child. 1995; 73: 25–29.
  • 19
    Lewiecki EM, Gordon CM, Baim S, et al. Special report on the 2007 adult and pediatric position development conferences of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Osteoporos Int. 2008; 17: 17.
  • 20
    Tanner JM, Healy M, Goldstein H. Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW3 Method) 3rd ed. London: Saunders Harcourt, 2001.
  • 21
    Webber CE, Sala A, Barr RD. Accounting for body size deviations when reporting bone mineral density variables in children. Osteoporos Int. 2008; 10: 10.
  • 22
    Goulding A, Taylor RW, Jones IE, McAuley KA, Manning PJ, Williams SM. Overweight and obese children have low bone mass and area for their weight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24: 627–632.
  • 23
    Crabtree NJ, Kibirige MS, Fordham JN, et al. The relationship between lean body mass and bone mineral content in paediatric health and disease. Bone. 2004; 35: 965–972.
  • 24
    Molgaard C, Thomsen BL, Prentice A, Cole TJ, Michaelsen KF. Whole body bone mineral content in healthy children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child. 1997; 76: 9–15.
  • 25
    Goulding A, Jones IE, Taylor RW, Williams SM, Manning PJ. Bone mineral density and body composition in boys with distal forearm fractures: a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry study. J Pediatr. 2001; 139: 509–515.
  • 26
    Crabtree NJ, Kibirige MS, Fordham JN, et al. The relationship between lean body mass and bone mineral content in paediatric health and disease. Bone. 2004; 35: 965–972.
  • 27
    Seeman E. Periosteal bone formation: a neglected determinant of bone strength. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349: 320–323.
  • 28
    Goulding A, Cannan R, Williams SM, Gold EJ, Taylor RW, Lewis-Barned NJ. Bone Mineral density in girls with forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1998; 13: 143–148.
    Direct Link:
  • 29
    Goulding A, Taylor RW, Jones IE, McAuley KA, Manning PJ, Williams SM. Overweight and obese children have low bone mass and area for their weight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24: 627–632.
  • 30
    Goulding A, Jones IE, Taylor RW, Manning PJ, Williams SM. More broken bones: a 4-year double cohort study of young girls with and without distal forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2000; 15: 2011–2018.
    Direct Link:
  • 31
    Afghani A, Goran M. Racial differences in the association of subcutaneous and visceral fat on bone mineral content in prepubertal children. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006; 79: 383–388.
  • 32
    Theintz G, Buchs B, Rizzoli R, et al. Longitudinal monitoring of bone mass accumulation in healthy adolescents: evidence for a marked reduction after 16 years of age at the levels of lumbar spine and femoral neck in female subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992; 75: 1060–1065.
  • 33
    Bass S, Delmas PD, Pearce G, Hendrich E, Tabensky A, Seeman E. The differing tempo of growth in bone size, mass, and density in girls is region-specific. J Clin Invest. 1999; 104: 795–804.
  • 34
    Schöenau E, Saggese G, Peter F, et al. From bone biology to bone analysis. Horm Res. 2004; 61: 257–269.
  • 35
    Nagasaki K, Kikuchi T, Hiura M, Uchiyama M. Obese Japanese children have low bone mineral density after puberty. J Bone Miner Metab. 2004; 22: 376–381.
  • 36
    Jones IE, Taylor RW, Williams SM, Manning PJ, Goulding A. Four-year gain in bone mineral in girls with and without past forearm fractures: a DXA study. J Bone Miner Res. 2002; 17: 1065–1072.
    Direct Link:
  • 37
    Janicka A, Wren TA, Sanchez MM, et al. Fat mass is not beneficial to bone in adolescents and young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 92: 143–147.
  • 38
    Wetzsteon RJ, Petit MA, Macdonald HM, Hughes JM, Beck TJ, McKay HA. Bone structure and volumetric BMD in overweight children: a longitudinal study. J Bone Miner Res. 2008; 23: 1946–1953.
    Direct Link:
  • 39
    Khosla S, Melton LJ III, Dekutoski MB, Achenbach SJ, Oberg AL, Riggs BL. Incidence of childhood distal forearm fractures over 30 years: a population-based study. JAMA. 2003; 290: 1479–1485.
  • 40
    Bailey D, Wedge J, McCulloch R, Martin A, Bernhardson S. Epidemiology of fractures of the distal end of the radius in children as associated with growth. J Bone Joint Surg (Am). 1989; 71: 1225–1231.
  • 41
    Kramhoft M, Bodtker S. Epidemiology of distal forearm fractures in Danish children. Acta Orthop Scand. 1988; 59: 557–559.
  • 42
    Cooper C, Dennison EM, Leufkens HG, Bishop N, van Staa TP. Epidemiology of childhood fractures in Britain: a study using the general practice research database. J Bone Miner Res. 2004; 19: 1976–1981.
    Direct Link:
  • 43
    Khosla S, Melton LJ III, Dekutoski MB, Achenbach SJ, Oberg AL, Riggs BL. Incidence of childhood distal forearm fractures over 30 years: a population-based study. JAMA. 2003; 290: 1479–1485.
  • 44
    Sabatier JP, Guaydier-Souquieres G, et al. Bone mineral acquisition during adolescence and early adulthood: a study in 574 healthy females 10–21 years of age. Osteoporos Int. 1996; 6: 141–148.
  • 45
    Lu PW, Cowell CT, Lloyd J, Briody JN, Howman GR. Volumetric bone mineral density in normal subjects, aged 5-27 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996; 81: 1586–1590.
  • 46
    Faulkner RA, Bailey DA, Drinkwater DT, McKay HA, Arnold C, Wilkinson AA. Bone densitometry in Canadian children 8–11 years of age. Calcif Tissue Int. 1996; 59: 344–351.
  • 47
    Sundberg M, Gardsell P, Johnell O, Ornstein E, Sernbo I. Comparison of quantitative ultrasound measurements in calcaneus with DXA and SXA at other skeletal sites: a population-based study on 280 children aged 11-16 years. Osteoporos Int. 1998; 8: 410–417.
  • 48
    Wu XP, Yang YH, Zhang H, et al. Gender differences in bone density at different skeletal sites of acquisition with age in Chinese children and adolescents. J Bone Miner Metab. 2005; 23: 253–260.
  • 49
    Bonjour J, Theintz G, Buchs B, Slosman D, Rizzoli R. Critical years and stages of puberty for spinal and femoral bone mass accumulation during adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991; 73: 555–563.
  • 50
    Gilsanz V, Gibbens D, Roe T, et al. Vertebral bone density in children: effect of puberty. Radiology. 1988; 166: 847–850.
View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (227K)