Presented in part at the 22nd annual meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2000.
Research-Article
You have full text access to this OnlineOpen article
Does Body Size Account for Gender Differences in Femur Bone Density and Geometry?†
Article first published online: 1 JUL 2001
DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.7.1291
Copyright © 2001 ASBMR
Additional Information
How to Cite
Looker, A. C., Beck, T. J. and Orwoll, E. S. (2001), Does Body Size Account for Gender Differences in Femur Bone Density and Geometry?. J Bone Miner Res, 16: 1291–1299. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.7.1291
- †
Publication History
- Issue published online: 2 DEC 2009
- Article first published online: 1 JUL 2001
- Manuscript Accepted: 12 FEB 2001
- Manuscript Revised: 5 JAN 2001
- Manuscript Received: 5 AUG 2000
REFERENCES
- 1U.S. Bureau of the Census 1996 Current Population Reports, Special Studies, P23-190, 65+ in the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, USA.
- 21996 Secular trends in hip fracture occurrence and survival: Age and sex differences. J Aging Health 8:538–553.
- 3, , , , , , , 1998 Updated data on proximal femur bone mineral levels of U.S. adults. Osteoporos Int 8:468–489.
- 4, , , 1994 Normalization of spine densitometry. J Bone Miner Res 9:541–548.
- 51999 The structural basis of bone fragility in men. Bone 25:143–147.
- 61998 Growth in bone mass and size—are racial and gender differences in bone mineral density more apparent than real? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1414–1419.
- 71997 From density to structure: Growing up and growing old on the surfaces of bone. J Bone Miner Res 12:509–521.
- 8, , 1992 New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry. J Bone Miner Res 7:137–145.
- 9, , , , , , , 1995 Comparison of areal and estimated volumetric bone mineral density values between older men and women. Osteoporos Int 5:271–275.
- 10, , 1994 Uncritical use of bone mineral density in absorptiometry may lead to size-related artifacts in the identification of bone mineral determinants. Am J Clin Nutr 60:837–842.
- 11, 1992 Bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in normal men. Eur J Clin Invest 22:454–460.
- 12, , , 1990 Sex differences in peak adult bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Res 11:1169–1175.
- 13, , , , , 1998 Measured and predicted bone mineral content in healthy boys and girls aged 6-18 years: Adjustment for body size and puberty. Acta Paediatr 87:244–249.
- 14, , 1994 Gender differences in bone density, skeletal geometry, and fracture biomechanics. Radiology 190:636–640.
- 15, , , , 1990 Predicting femoral neck strength from bone mineral data: A structural approach. Invest Radiol 25:6–18.
- 16National Center for Health Statistics 1994 Plan and operation of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94, Vital Health Stat 1 (32), National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, USA, DHHS Publ. No. (PHS)94-1308.
- 17, , , 2000 Cross-sectional geometry, bone strength, and bone mass in the proximal femur in black and white postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 15:1992–1997.
- 18, , , , , 1994 Quality control of bone densitometry in a national health survey (NHANES III) using three mobile examination centers. J Bone Miner Res 9:951–960.
- 19, , , , 2000 Structural trends in the aging femoral neck and proximal shaft: Analysis of NHANES III DXA data. J Bone Miner Res 15:2297–2304.
- 20, 1997 Biomechanics of cortical and trabecular bone: Implications for assessment of fracture risk. In: MowVC, HayesWC (eds.) Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics, 2nd ed. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 69–111.
- 21Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 1996 NHANES III Reference Manuals and Reports, CD ROM. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, USA.
- 22, , , , , 1999 Determinants of bone loss in elderly men and women: A prospective population-based study. Osteoporos Int 10:384–391.
- 23, , , 2000 Changes in bone mineral, lean body mass and fat content as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry: A longitudinal study. Calcif Tissue Int 66:97–99.
- 24, , , 1991 SUDAAN User's Manual, Release 5.50, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
- 25SAS Institute, Inc. 1985 SAS User's Guide: Statistics, Version 5 Edition, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
- 26, , 1999 Osteoporosis: Gender differences and similarities. Lupus 8:393–396.
- 27, , , , , 2000 Relative contributions of testosterone and estrogen in regulating bone resorption and formation in normal elderly men. J Clin Invest 106:1553–1560.
- 28, 1998 Gender differences in insulin-like growth factor and bone mineral density association in old age: The Rancho Bernardo Study. J Bone Miner Res 13:1343–1349.
- 29, , 1990 Differential effects of androgens on cortical bone histomorphometry in gonadectomized male and female rats. J Orthop Res 8:612–617.
- 30, , 1998 Action of androgens versus estrogens in male skeletal homeostasis. Bone 23:391–394.
- 31, , , 1996 Leisure-time physical activity among US adults. Arch Intern Med 156:93–98.
- 321999 On the estrogen-bone relationship and postmenopausal bone loss: A new model. J Bone Miner Res 14:1473–1477.
- 33, , , , , the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group 1994 Does estimating volumetric bone density of the femoral neck improve the prediction of hip fracture? A prospective study. J Bone Miner Res 9:1429–1432.
- 34, , , 1995 Choosing between predictors of fractures. J Bone Miner Res 10:1816–1822.
- 35, , , , , 1998 Hip fracture prediction in elderly men and women: Validation in the Rotterdam Study. J Bone Miner Res 13:1587–1593.
- 36, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 1997 Bone density variation and its effect on risk of vertebral deformity in men and women studied in thirteen European centers: The EVOS Study. J Bone Miner Res 12:1883–1894.
- 37, , , , 1998 Bone density and fracture risk in men. J Bone Miner Res 13:1915–1923.
- 38, , , , , , 1993 Prediction of osteoporotic fractures by postural instability and bone density. BMJ 307:1111–1115.
- 39, , 1999 The assessment of bone mass in men. In: OrwollES (ed). Osteoporosis in Men: The Effects of Gender on Skeletal Health. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 505–525.
- 40, , 2000 Do men and women fracture at similar bone densities? Osteoporos Int 11:153–157.
- 41, , , , , 1997 Calcaneal bone mineral density predicts fracture occurrence: A five-year follow-up study in elderly people. J Bone Miner Res 12:1075–1082.
- 42, , , , , , , 1996 DXA derived structural geometry for stress fracture prediction in male U.S. marine corps recruits. J Bone Miner Res 11:645–653.
- 43, , , , , 2000 Stress fracture in military recruits: Gender differences in muscle and bone susceptibility factors. Bone 27:437–444.
- 44, 1984 Non-invasive measurement of long bone cross-sectional moment of inertia by photon absorptiometry. J Biomech 17:195–201.
- 45, , , , , , , 1989 The area moment of inertia of the tibia: A risk factor for stress fractures. J Biomech 22:1243–1248.
- 46, , , , , 1999 DXA-derived section modulus and bone mineral content predict long-bone torsional strength. Acta Orthop Scand 70:71–76.
- 47, 1989 Scaling of long bone fracture strength with animal mass. J Biomech 22:1175–1183.
- 482000 Body size, body shape, and long bone strength in modern humans. J Hum Evol 38:269–290.
- 49, , , , , , , 1997 Different morphometric and densitometric parameters predict cervical and trochanteric hip fracture: The EPIDOS Study. J Bone Miner Res 12:1895–1902.
- 50, , , , , , , 1999 Structure of the femoral neck in hip fracture: Cortical bone loss in the inferoanterior to superoposterior axis. J Bone Miner Res 14:111–119.

1523-4681/asset/olbannerleft.gif?v=1&s=d7e4c0e37904a489128d3a4e58ba94214db307a9)
1523-4681/asset/olbannerright.gif?v=1&s=854ee0e4d351ead9faaca8bfab3e50b1c7c9d03d)
1523-4681/asset/cover.gif?v=1&s=a8419ff5f302b0d9fefec557d81c0aa9776c60e3)