Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Fluid flow in a strongly rotating fluid, without particles, at the equator. The y velocity shows the strong shear flow that develops under these circumstances (blue represents negative velocities and red positive velocities). The snapshot of the temperature shows a typical temperature field of a strong rotating fluid (red represents hot temperatures and blue represents cold temperatures).

(a) Rainfall map. (b) Soil map (distribution of soil groups as classified by the Food and Agriculture Organization, www.britannica.com/bps/media-view/19257/0/0/0). RWA = Rwanda; BUR = Burundi.

Magnetic Force Microscopy image of two dendrites. (a, b) Sketches showing the three dimensional structure of the dendrite before and after cutting and polishing the sample. (c) Amplitude and (d–f) phase images of different remanence states showing octahedra with uniform magnetization. (g) Amplitude and (h, i) phase images of different remanence states showing octahedron with uniform (1) and vortex (2,3) magnetization.

Three-dimensional view of African and Pacific domes, plumes, and slabs at 90 Ma (Model EX4). The 2500 K isosurface is colored red and is transparent so that the (a) African (“AFR”) and (b) Pacific (“PAC”) domes (colored yellow) are visible on the core-mantle boundary. Slabs are colored blue, and the upper thermal boundary layer has been removed for clarity. See text for discussion of the labeled regions (1–7).

View from the top of a reconstructed 3-D melt distribution. Overall, at the grain size (33 µm) and melt fraction (~3.6%) of this sample, the view of the 3-D melt geometry is dominated by wetted two-grain boundaries, with some smaller grains nearly completely surrounded by melt.

Conceptual 3-D block diagram of fluid flow paths and seafloor seepage features within the Costa Rica Seismogenesis Project (CRISP) survey area. Exposed beds on the outer shelf highlight dense faulting through a large anticline. Migrating fluids and gases use faults and folded stratigraphic horizons as conduits to the seafloor. Note increase in deformation to the east caused by the incoming Cocos Ridge.

Schematic illustration (not to scale) showing some of the controls on geyser dynamics. A thermal reservoir at 190–210°C feeds all of the geysers in the Upper Geyser Basin. At shallow levels, geysers are affected by meteoric water recharge and evaporation, as represented by the vertical blue and red arrows above Aurum and Oblong Geysers. At Old Faithful and Daisy geysers, shallow water table variations appear to control seasonal patterns. Very small variations in water chemistry in Grand Geyser suggest minor effects of meteoric water recharge, evaporation, and water table variations. The thickness of the conduit connecting the thermal reservoir to the geyser, and the size of the (gray) eruption cloud approximately represents the relative size of the geysers; Aurum is the smallest and Old Faithful and Grand are the largest.