Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems

Four snapshots of consecutive monthly averaged (left) cloud cover in contours and surface winds as vectors and (right) precipitation. The RCE model is used with the Nordeng convection scheme.

The difference between model and observations in the net surface radiation flux QSW (W/m2) averaged for different seasons (top left, DJF; top right, MAM; bottom left, June–July–August (JJA); bottom right, SON). Areas with statistically significant changes (p < 0.05) are stippled.

MJO index of the piControl and historical experiment. A running mean of 3 years (black) and 91 days (blue) is applied. The vertical black line denotes the end of the piControl part and the beginning of the historical part. Red horizontal lines indicate the mean in the period between AD 1950 and 1974 and between AD 1975 and 1999.

Evolution of four closure parameters (a–d) with assimilation of real observations showing the distribution mean (solid lines) and spread (dashed lines) for different initial parameter distributions (colors). The parameter values are shown in log space, and the vertical black range displays possible parameter values chosen by expert elicitation.

Vertical temperature profiles for 1850, 1860,…., 1990 for (a, c) 1pctCO2 and (b, d) abrupt4×CO2 averaged over the tropics. Figures c and d represent a magnification of the square drawn in Figures a and b. Blue color gets lighter in the course of time. The vertical dashed line represents 210 K, the deep convective cloud top temperature, whereas the horizontal dashed lines indicate the corresponding altitude for the year 1850 (black curve) and 1990 (last blue curve).

Twenty-six year periods of zonal mean zonal winds averaged over the equatorial region (5°S–5°N) from single realizations of three different simulations. (top–bottom) AMIP (ECHAM6-MR), historical (ECHAM6-MR), and HAMMONIA [Schmidt et al., ] simulation nudged to observations from Singapore.