Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences

(a) The study area (15°N–22°N, 118°E–125°E) and the track of typhoon Parma. (b) Track and intensity of Typhoon Parma (2009) in the study area. Shown in Figure 1a are (1) fast moving, intensifying wind speed; (2) fast moving, decreasing wind speed; and (3) slow moving, moderate wind speed. The three yellow asterisks in Figure 1b are the stations with CTD observations. LS: Luzon strait; LI: Luzon island.

Photographs showing (a) fuel bed construction and sorting of the individual size classes, (b) a masticated fuel bed during flaming combustion, and (c) post-fire residues.

Distribution of boreal conifer species: Pinus sp. (divided in Pinus sp. in North America and Pinus sylvestris/Pinus sibirica in Eurasia), Larix sp., Picea sp., and Abies sp., together with the sampling sites and the large river systems.

Photo of two non-sorted circles (a) Lillebror B and (b) Ridunjohka A from the Abisko area in northern Sweden. The white circle indicates the inner domain (exposed mineral soil). The vegetated area outside the white circle is referred to as the outer domain. Excavated soil pits from the outer domain of (c) Lillebror B and (d) Ridunjohka A. Soil horizons are marked with white lines where approximate depths are shown to the left. Arrow indicates silty mineral soil that has been deposited on top of the buried horizon due to extensive frost creep.

(a) Map of the research location. Contour lines are 1 m. Blue lines represent sampling transects (40 m), and red circles represent upland, hillslope, and toeslope sampling locations on each transect. The four northern transects were in silty Ultisol soils. The four southern transects were in a sandy Entisol soil. (b) Sampling approach at the upland and hillslope transect locations. One TL and one ZTL were located at the interface of the A and B soil horizons. A second TL was located at the bottom of the B horizon. Toeslope sampling locations did not have ZTLs or B horizon TLs and only had an A horizon TL at three of the four transects within each soil type (see section 2).

Maps of the modeled land cover classes for (left) 1984 and (right) 2010 with inset to highlight secondary forest. The black outline delineates the Rondônia state boundary.

Mid-Holocene Hayes tephra layer at Petersville peatland, core PE09-MC. (a) GPR survey from above the peat core location and water content. (b) Core photograph showing the tephra layer, as well as water and organic matter content across the peat-to-tephra interface.