Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Ensemble average monthly precipitation anomalies (mm day-1) for the core NAM region: January through June (a) and July through December (b). Anomalies are calculated as the mean precipitation for 2080-2099 (RCP 8.5 scenario) minus the mean precipitation for 1980-1999 (historical scenario).

Measured (black dots) and predicted (red dots) BC concentrations at the Pasadena ground site from 19 May – 31 May 2010.

Examples of the modeled snowflakes as viewed from the incident direction. From the top to the bottom row, the number of crystals are 1, 2, 10, and 100. From the left to the right column, the shapes of crystals are stellar dendrite, thin hexagonal plate, hexagonal column, and six-bullet rosette. The average sizes for a given number of crystals are shown on the right side.

Minimum July correlation lengths (CLs), obtained from local variogram analysis of PCTM-CASA CO2 concentrations. Circles represent scales of spatial variability.

550 nm aerosol optical depth in (a) MODIS (January average: 2001–2011), (b) CTRL, (c) NOEMIS, and (d) differences between CTRL and NOEMIS. Dots in Figure 1d indicate the 90% level of statistical significance based on the Student's t-test.

Changes of the standard deviation in SE U.S. summer precipitation from Historical to RCP4.5 scenarios (shaded, unit: mm d−1) according to (a) CMIP5 model ensemble; (b) G1 models; and (c) G2 models. Stippled are the areas with more than 70% models from each group suggesting the increase in precipitation standard deviation. The PDF curves constructed based on the quantile normalized SE U.S. summer precipitation under Historical (blue) and RCP4.5 (red) scenarios are shown as (d) CMIP5 model ensemble; (e) G1 models; and (f) G2 models.

(a) Taylor diagrams showing the comparison of the long-term annual means between raw (the reference point) and satellite-sampled fields based on (left) CFSR and (center) MERRA, and (right) between raw CFSR/MERRA and their mean (the reference point). (b) Latitude-height cross sections of (left) standard deviation ratio, (center) correlation, and (right) normalized bias between zonal mean raw and satellite-sampled cloud water based on (upper) CFSR and (lower) MERRA.